Nike's Global Marketing Strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nike's Global Marketing Strategy - Term Paper Example It can be said that the rise of internet and high speed data connectivity and transmission services in various parts of the world has led to the rise of multinational corporations, who achieve significant rate of growth in the business by entering new and foreign markets in emerging as well as established economies around the world. Talking in these lines, it can be said that the rise of connectivity power has led to the significant amount of power transfer to consumers around the world, who increasingly look for high product quality as well as the ability to purchase highly branded products. This provided a significant amount of opportunity for Nike, a company with global presence and a series of branded product categories, whose demands are felt all over the world from various emerging as well as well developed markets. Nike, Inc. which has a significant number of business subsidiaries in various parts of the world is engaged in the processes of designing, development, marketing as well as sales of the product. The product portfolio of the company comprises of shoes, apparels, accessories and gear, as well as a host of highly innovative products which are mainly aimed at increasing the level of physical activity of human being, while providing the motivation to compete with others on the basis of their levels of activity. The product portfolio is targeted towards the individuals of various age groups and hence, the products are catered to the multiple segments comprising of men, women and kids. The product portfolio also serves the needs and demands of sports, clothing and gear related accessories for a variety of sports comprising of basketball, football, soccer. The product offerings of the company also include the requirements of running and training activities and requirements separately for both men’s and women’s (Nike.com, 2012). The company because of its apparel and footwear related accessories, falls under the sector of consumer goods. Talking in terms of global presence of the company, it can be said that the company has presence in all major markets around the world that comprises of the markets like Asia, American, Europe, Africa, etc. On an overall note, it can be said that the company has footprints in 170 countries, around the world (Investorguide.com, 2011) Talking about the market dominance, it can be said that the company is the largest manufacturers of sports goods, and accessories around the world. The company is also the one of the major sponsors for various sporting tournaments around the world. It can also be highlighted that the brand has multiple associations with various reputed sporting agencies around the world and because of that are often recognized as the official sponsors of advertising for various large scale major tournaments. It also needs to be mentioned that in the most recent times, the company’s brand image Nike is ranked at number 44, as per a study conducted WPP, which aimed to identify the top 100 brands of 2012 all over the world (WPP, 2012). Strategic Analysis of the Past Strategies are outlined by the companies of all sizes and dimensions in an attempt to cater to their target market as well as the target audience by the process of offering of their customized or specific products and services through effective s egmentation, targeting and positioning of the consumers as well as designing a highly effective marketing

Social Class and Education Essay

Social Class and Education Essay Education is a significant institution in our society as it serves to fulfil many functions and provide opportunities for children. One important role that education plays is carrying out the process of secondary socialization where the education system teaches children the norms and values of society in a way that the family cannot. Education performs certain functions such as providing children with skills needed for work, learning about religious and moral beliefs, national languages and also about the history of the nation. Therefore it can be seen that education performs an important role in childrens lives by socializing them into the future members of society and teaching them about the values of success and achievement which enables them to be open to many opportunities in society (Fulcher Scott, 2007). However education combined with social class can create inequalities for children in their lives and this study of inequality within education remains a key area of study in the sociology of education and is also of great importance in shaping educational policies in Britain. Research has shown that inequalities in the education system do still exist in Britain where it has been shown that the higher a persons social class the higher the levels of achievement an individual is more likely to achieve. It is these types of findings which have led to a large array of study about educational inequalities and why they still persist in Britains education system. These inequalities can affect children from lower classes and their life chances through a variety of ways such as through micro and macro causes in society which will be analysed in turn (Haralambos Holborn, 2007) Macro Causes We will first look at the various macro causes in the wider structures of society which causes educational inequalities for children. These include material deprivation. 1. Material Deprivation This theory highlights the importance of material goods and resources needed for educational achievement. Material deprivation has been defined as including ‘poverty, overcrowding, ill health in parents,child neglect and lack of basic amenities in the home and neighbourhood (Silver,1980,p40). It is these factors which seem to affect children from working class backgrounds due to low incomes in the family which prevents them from achieving at school as they lack the basic resources such as books, correct diet and study space in the home needed to succeed in their studies. Also as many of these lower working class families are seen to be in poverty as evidence shows that a high percentage of children participate in part time employment after school hours to improve their situation at home and to relieve some of the financial pressure off their parents . This leads to children aiming to cope with earning money through paid work but also finding the time to study for their school w ork and gain qualifications (Heaton Lawson,1996). Furthermore Halsey Heath and Ridge (1980)examined reasons for inequalities existing in education for the working class and found that middle class children were more likely to go to school and continue on to higher education than the working class and this was partly due to lack of money and income in these households causing differential educational achievement compared to children from affluent backgrounds. However they did argue that material factors was not the only primary factor causing underachievement as children from materially deprived backgrounds have succeeded, they believed that cultural factors such as parental attitudes and encouragement played a key role in childrens educational attainment at school ( Abercombie, Warde Deem,2001). We will now look at how cultural factors can have an impact in creating inequalities for children. 2. Cultural Deprivation Cultural deprivation has been defined ‘as a situation in which parents provide a child with little in the way of linguistic stimulation and take minimal interest in their education and when they have limited opportunity for play or other experiences which are helpful to their intellectual development- in short when their environment is barren and unstimulating ( Silver,1980,p40). This theory recognises that instead of material factors causing inequalities it is the cultural factors in fact that causes working class children to perform differently in schools compared to their middle class peers. It is argued that working class children are disadvantaged because working class subculture fails to transmit the correct norms, values and skills needed for high achievement in education (Fulcher Scott,2007,p323). Also low value is placed is placed on educational achievement and working class subculture focuses on immediate gratification where they are encouraged to leave school early and earn money rather than opting for deferred gratification which middle class adopt where education is seen as a path for success later on in life where they can enjoy the benefits of having a high paid job and high statuses (Henslin, 1996,p 190). J W B Douglas study of ‘ The home and the school (1962) supports the cultural deprivation theory. Douglas conducted a longitudinal study in 1962 of 5,362 British children and followed their educational careers up to the age of 16. He divided the students into different social class groupings and found that there was different variations in educational achievement between students who had similar academic ability but came from different social classes. He found that within the ‘high ability group the majority of the lower working class children left school in the fifth year compared to only 10 percent from the upper middle class. Douglas argued that the single most important factor causing these differences in achievement between middle and working class children is the level of parental interest and encouragement for their childrens education. He argues that working class parents showed little interest in childrens progress at school whereas middleclass parents encouraged children to do well at school, continue in further education and also paid more attention to their childrens progress through frequent meeting s with teachers. However overall although we can see that parental interest can effect childrens attainment it cannot be viewed as the only factor in explaining class differences in educational achievement. Blackstone Mortimore (1994) argued that working class parents were unable to attend parents meetings due to demands of their manual jobs and also working class parents try to encourage their children in education but they lack the certain social skills that middle class parents occupy in order for their children to gain advantages from the school system. So therefore it is important to note that many other factors play a role in creating inequalities for working class children and also that many culturally deprived behaviours could also be due to a lack of money (Haralambos Holborn, 2006, p737-739).

Biotechnology :: essays research papers

#1. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Use of a Bacterial Plasmid to Clone and Sequence a Human Gene The process begins with restriction endonucleases scanning and binding to double-stranded DNA at specific base-pair sequences, the recognition sites, in a predictable manner. The restriction sites are usually 4 to 8 base pairs long and are characterized by the palindromic sequences, with both strands having the same sequence when read in opposite direction. After the restriction endonuclease binds, it starts to disrupt, using hydrolysis, the phosphodiester bonds between neighbor nucleotides, causing the H-bonds between base pairs in the cutting region to be broken. This cuts the original double-stranded DNA strand, producing two DNA fragments, which may differ for different restriction endonucleases, depending on where the phosphodiester bond is broken when cut by the endonuclease. This process can produce either blunt ends (where ends of the DNA fragment are fully paired with no overhangs), or sticky ends (where both DNA fragments have nucleotides lacking complementary bases and ove rhangs are produced). However, sticky ends are more useful for genetic engineering. The next step, gel electrophoresis, separates the gene that has been excised, from the unwanted fragments taking advantage of chemical and physical properties of DNA. The DNA fragments travel through gel as a result of charge passed through it causing the longer fragments to separate from shorter ones, which helps in identifying gene and makes it easier to cut it out from the gel. The DNA fragment with the desired gene is, therefore, excised and purified. The same restriction endonuclease, that is used to cut the original DNA strand, then splices this gene into a plasmid (small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria). Because the plasmid and the foreign gene are cut by the same restriction endonuclease, the sticky ends formed, are complementary and anneal to each other forming H-bonds. The DNA ligase reforms the phosphodiester bonds, after which, the recombinant plasmid with the foreign DNA, is in troduced into the bacterial cell, in the process of transformation, and replicates to form clones (exact copies of itself). Overall, this technique of altering sequence of DNA molecules became very useful for many reasons, one of which is production of hormones. Hormones such as insulin and somatropin, were produced by inserting a gene into a plasmid, and became essential hormones in medical practice. In this process, the needed human genes were incorporated into plasmids and activated or inactivated when needed, using specific inducers for promoter regions.

Knowledge Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry Essay

The study of Knowledge Management is a process that has been researched for centuries by western philosophers and traditional theorists, however it is only until recently that knowledge management has been the main focus for many organisations. Many have said that it was the publishing of Karl Wiig’s, â€Å"knowledge management foundations† (1993), that sparked the huge interest in knowledge management and nearly two decades on KM is now considered as an essential tool for companies to improve their performance and adaptability. 1] Not only this but the concept of knowledge has been regarded as a businesses most precious asset and highly critical in keeping a firm competitive. [2] This study will look at the knowledge management of one of the most Knowledge intensive industries in the world, the pharmaceutical industry, looking at, comparing and criticising the different strategies that are used within the industry. The pharmaceutical industry is rapidly growing and rap idly evolving , with organisations constantly investing in their research and development departments for the development of new and valuable explicit information. In 2007 â‚ ¬6,525 million was spent on R+D in the UK for the pharmaceutical market, showing that firms invest large sums of money in this knowledge intensive industry. [3] Pharmacy as an enterprise system The Pharmaceutical Industry is sort of like a â€Å"community of practice† (CoP) where all the organisations share a common interest in medicine, working together to promote the acquisition and sharing of knowledge, with a common goal of providing the â€Å"best practice† for the public. [4] It is clear that the industry is heavily dependent on using IT in storing and accessing information. Since the introduction web 2. 0 there has been a rapid increase in the use of enterprise systems across the industry. An enterprise system allows for data to be identified, captured and embedded in software to be accessed by all organisations within the industry. [5] A clear example of this comes from a professional body called the department of health, this body stores explicit data on the internet in a PDF called the â€Å"green book†, this can be accessed by any member of the public, as well as any organisation. The book provides the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures for all vaccine preventable diseases. [6] Not only is the book accessible via the web but also a hard copy of the book has been distributed to immunisation health professionals around the country, making it very easy for any pharmacy to find the information it needs. What makes this store of information so reliable and valuable to organisations is that it updates itself with new editions from information shared between different pharmacists, adding new vaccines etc. This type of knowledge management system is effective for this industry and can be better explained using Dalkir’s knowledge management cycle: [7] As it shows, knowledge is captured by different organisations through the use of research and development, this knowledge is then assessed and shared with organisations and pharmacies all over the country via the use of the â€Å"green book†. Pharmacy’s then use this knowledge to purchase the right medicine and vaccinations to sell to the public. The update part of the life cycle comes in the introduction of new editions brining new information. There is a sense of a â€Å"mini community† within this management system, where the role of culture is valued quite highly as a knowledge sharing environment is created and designed so firms and organisations can share their information. [8] However one of the main drawbacks that comes with this knowledge management system is that it does hinder competitiveness. Larry Prusak (1996) said â€Å"The only thing that gives an organization a competitive edge – the only thing that is sustainable – is what it knows, how it uses what it knows, & how fast it can know something new! † [9] The introduction of the green book meant every pharmacy in Britain has access to the same information, making it difficult for organisations to get ahead in terms of knowledge. However it is important to note that pharmacy’s are not entirely profit orientated, but also aimed at providing the best possible medicine and vaccinations to the public. The General Pharmaceutical Council and its implications Continued professional development is vital in the pharmacy profession as it allows for individuals and organisations to reflect back on their practice and then create plans to upgrade and improve. There is a professional body dedicated entirely to this system called the General Pharmaceutical Council (GDP), [10] this body provides a particular framework for individuals and organisations to set targets based on their previous practices. The CDP offers a cycle for firms to reflect on their previous practices and then plan on ways to improve practices on the future based on experiences and knowledge they have acquired. Another aspect of the CDP is something called Continued Professional Development (CPD) [11] This is a set of standards that are universal to all companies in the industry and which they must all comply with. What makes this so effective is the CPD is applied to all pharmacists and failure to meet the standards would result in the pharmacy losing their registration. The CPD expects each pharmacist to make a minimum of 9 entries a year, based on the knowledge acquired to update their own practices. This is a huge incentive for all firms to get involved as failure to do so would result in losing their registration. Although this is a good strategy in attempting to engage organisations in learning, there is a key fundamental drawback. Although the system allows for storage of explicit data from each organisation, it does not allow for pharmacies to access information from other pharmacies therefore stopping any sharing of information or data. However it is clear there are other professional bodies available for this. The effect of IT The internet for many may have made the storage of knowledge much easier, however there is a negative associated with heavy reliance on IT. The effect may be that members from departments and organisations no longer need to confer with each other as the information can be taken from a directory from any enterprise system. This will reduce â€Å"face to face† conversations between specialists which spark new ideas resulting in a lack of new information coming in. The availability and easy access of knowledge will act as a disincentive for individuals to search for new information. Conclusion Knowledge management is now considered essential, with many agreeing the knowledge a business has is one of it’s most precious assets. Overall it is quite evident that the pharmaceutical industry is heavily reliant on the use of IT to process, store and share knowledge. The professional bodies mentioned above are only a few of the number of enterprise systems dedicated to allowing organisations to update their knowledge of the profession and maintain a high level of customer satisfaction. The use of a universal framework to engage pharmacists in assessing their own practices is an essential tool in making firms acknowledge their own level of knowledge as well as keeping them up to date with the most recent information. The fact that there is still competition and huge sums of money invested into R+D shows that all across the industry people are still challenging new ideas, however one thing is for certain, each organisation relies on each other for new information and knowledge in this ever changing industry.

Universalism Versus Cultural Relativism

One of the most pertinent issues of the past twenty years has been the conflict between two different ideologies of human rights on a national scale, universalism, and cultural relativism. Universalism holds that more â€Å"primitive† cultures will eventually evolve to have the same system of law and rights as Western cultures. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and driven by the pursuit of self interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, freedom of choice, and equality are absent. It is recognized that the community always comes first. This doctrine has been exploited by many states, which decry any impositions of western rights as cultural imperialism. These states ignore that they have adopted the western nation state, and the goal of modernization and economic prosperity. Cultural relativism is in itself a very arbitrary idea, cultures are rarely unified in their viewpoints on different issues, it is always those â€Å"who hold the microphone [that] do not agree†(http://www. aasianst. rg/Viewpoints/Nathan. htm). Whenever one group denies rights to another group within a culture, it is usually for their own benefit. Therefore human rights cannot be truly universal unless they are not bound to cultural decisions that are often not made unanimously, and thus cannot represent every individual that these rights apply to. Even though cultural relativism has great problems and a potential for abuse, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution. Universalism is used by many Western states to negate the validity of more ‘traditional’ systems of law. For example, if a tribe in Africa is ruled by a chieftain and advised by the twelve most senior villagers, is this system any less representative than the supposedly more liberal societies of the West?. It is not possible to impose a universal system of human rights if the effects of social change stemming from modernization are not understood or worse yet, ignored. In non-Western societies, industrialization, capitalism, and democracy might not have been the eventual outcome of the process of cultural evolution. These ideologies have been shaped and created by Western imperialism, the slave trade, colonialism, modernization, and consumerism. Today’s world shows signs of positive progress towards the universal system of human rights. The declaration of human rights occurred immediately after the atrocities committed during WWII. The globalization of human rights began when the world was awakened to the crimes committed under one government (Hitler), and the need for a more universal system of accountability and responsibility. Through a forum such as the United Nations, cultural differences are better able to be resolved, thereby paving the way for universalism while at the same time recognizing and compromising on the needs of certain cultures. The recent adoption of the International criminal court in June 1998 is an important step in enforcing and promoting the values agreed upon by the member nations. As the world becomes a smaller place with the advent of globalization, universalism makes more sense as a philosophy of human rights. In a world where many people might not be governed by national borders, having fundamental human rights instead of ones bound to certain cultures provides the best solution.

The Canadian Government should Offer Additional Support for Homeless People

The Canadian Government should Offer Additional Support for Homeless People Homelessness in Canada is a real challenge despite the little attention and poor documentation accorded to it. It has been reported that close to 32,000 Canadians in Toronto city lived in emergency tents in 2002. Since then, this figure has been steadily increasing (Gaetz et al., 2006); consequently presenting a challenge to the Canadian government and non-governmental stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Canadian Government should Offer Additional Support for Homeless People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historically speaking, homelessness in Canada was restricted to urban areas. This trend appears to be changing with time since the crisis has become evident in virtually all regions. The issue of homelessness seems to elicit one critical question whenever it is brought up: what is the correct and most acceptable definition of a homeless person? This question has been the source of contention for many years. Although there is general consensus that a homeless individual suffers socially and needs urgent help, the search and implementation of appropriate solutions often leads to disagreement with regard to â€Å"who really is homeless†. Disagreements about the definition of homelessness originate from the fact that the funding and resources meant to be allocated to homeless individual are limited. These complications have meant that caution should be exercised in trying to craft the definition of a homeless person. As a measure to circumvent this challenge, a rather abstract and generalized definition has been suggested: â€Å"A homeless person is an individual who lacks access to adequate housing facilities† (Gabbard et al., 2007, p. 90). Being bogged in to details of definitions is, however, not important. Emphasis should be placed more on generating ideas which will in turn form the basis for sustainable remedies for the problem. This essay emphasizes the need fo r the Canadian government to offer special support for the homeless community. The government’s laxity in implementing recommendations and the implications of homelessness are also discussed.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A critical examination in to the causes of homelessness in Canada raises a myriad of questions as to what the Canadian government is doing to contain the situation. Statistical evidence shows that 53% of all cases of homelessness in Canada are caused by inability of individuals to foot rental bills. The government can fix this situation by availing low-cost housing facilities. Although the government made an attempt to this effect in 1998 by putting up over 30,000 low-income houses, this number has drastically reduced year by year since then. For instance, only 16 new houses were constructed in Calgary city in 1996. About 40% of homeless individua ls are mentally ill. This situation has been attributed to the international policy to deinstitutionalize mental patients. This move saw the release of the mentally ill from asylums. There were no efforts by the government to structure a follow-up strategy for ensuring clinical care for the patients. While some of the discharged patients integrated quite well with the public, many of them (75%) worsened. This significantly contributed to the ever growing number of homeless Canadians. But what saddens any descent Canadian is that no substantial remedial measures have been adopted by the government to reverse the situation. According to the United Nations Organization (2009), Canada is the only nation that lacks a national housing strategy. Most of the federal governments draw budgets that give little attention, if any, to the homeless. The United Nations reports show that the government’s laxity in solving this problem is the major contributor to its perpetuation. During the i ntroduction of the housing legislation in 1973, the then minister in charge of Urban affairs (a ministry which no longer exists), Ron Basford, delivered a speech which clearly demonstrated the importance of adequately housing all people: When we talk †¦ about the subject of housing, we are talking about an elemental human need – the need for shelter, for physical and emotional comfort in that shelter. When we talk about people’s basic needs – the requirements for survival – society and the government obviously have an obligation to assure that these basic needs of shelter are met.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Canadian Government should Offer Additional Support for Homeless People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I have already acknowledged this obligation in stating that good housing at reasonable cost is a social right of every citizen of this country. †¦ [This] must be our objective, our obligation, and our goal. The legislation which I am proposing to the House today is an expression of the government’s policy, part of a broad plan, to try to make this right and this objective a reality. (Basford, 1973, p. 2257). Had the government moved on with this kind of enthusiasm, the social dilemma of homelessness would have been adequately resolved. There is also need to for the federal governments to have a provision for a ministry in charge of urban housing. The government views the issue of homelessness as an urban problem. The resulting consequence is that the responsibility has been shifted to municipalities, which lack a comprehensive policy implementation framework. Homelessness should be an issue of national interest and therefore calls for concerted efforts of all government organs. During the national IYSH conference in 1987, a document proposed by the conference, named â€Å"Canadian Agenda for Action on Housing and Homelessness through the Year 2000† was presented. The agenda stated in clear terms how the federal government had not only failed to take appropriate action but also ignored the plight of the homeless. The following is an extract from the document: A significant component of the homelessness problem is that housing has not been a high priority for governments at any level†¦. [O]nly a small proportion of government resources are directed to improving housing conditions†¦. In all regions of the country, the demand for housing that is adequate and affordable to low-income persons and the willingness of local organizations ready to build greatly exceed the availability of government funds to carry out effective social housing programs. (Canadian Association of Housing and Renewal Officials, 1988, p.92). This attitude by the government is a key factor that has led to housing problems in Canada. This is evident from the rejection of Social Housing Agenda in 1987. In 1993, all federal governm ents terminated fund allocation towards building of new social units and in 1996, there was no longer any federal involvement in the provision of low-cost housing.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Homelessness can have tremendous effects on societal values. It tends to strengthen vices such as drug and substance addiction, sexual abuse, violence, incidences of school drop-out and teenage pregnancy. However, the most important consequence of homelessness is the loss of available manpower to drive the economy. This is true because a homeless individual cannot be productive, taking in to account the social burden associated with the condition. Another consequence with direct economic implications relates to the health risk the homeless are often exposed to. Their out-door lifestyles greatly predispose them to many infections. This again reduces the labor force available to drive industry. In addition, it is costly for the government to foot medical bills for all these individuals. People empowerment would be a critical but long-term step towards resolving the crisis of homelessness. The government must invest in the youth of today in terms of education and relevant training. Thi s will guarantee self reliance and nurture independent individuals. This move needs to be reinforced further by construction of affordable units. Similarly, appropriate social support programs should be initiated throughout the country with the idea of reaching out to drug addicts and other social misfits. Such programs need also address the dilemma of the homeless mentally ill individuals. Research-based responses are equally imperative. Well organized data systems for the homeless community can be instrumental during the study of trends such as the growth rate of the homeless population, predominant age group, and average level of education. These data forms the foundation upon which appropriate remedial measures can be based and should be collected as frequently as possible. The actual task for the government is not to look for solutions. Solutions already exist. The housing policies are superb. What lacks is the drive and enthusiasm to implement the policies. If the government c an impress upon the relevant departments the gravity of the matter, and if it can be in the interest of every Canadian to support this worthwhile course, homelessness in Canada will only exist in our memories. References Basford, R. (Minister of State for Urban Affairs). (1973). National Housing Agenda (NHA) Amendments. Canada: House of Commons. Canadian Association of Housing and Renewal Officials. (1988). New Partnerships – Building for the Future: Proceedings of the Canadian Conference to Observe the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless. Ottawa: Canadian Association of Housing and Renewal Officials. Gabbard, W.J., Snyder, C.S., Lin, M.B., Chadha, J.H., May, J. D., Jaggers, J. (2007). Methodological issues in enumerating homeless individuals. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 16(2), 90-103. Gaetz, S., Tarasuk, V., Dackner, N., Kirkpatrick, S. (2006). â€Å"Managing Homeless Youth in Toronto: Mismanaging Food Access Nutritional Well-being. Canadian R eview of Social Policy, 58(43), 1-19. United Nations Organization. (2009). Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context. Canada: Miloon Kothari.

The Experts Guide to the AP Psychology Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Psychology Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Taking AP Exams can be stressful, but if you know what to expect on test day, you can eliminate a lot of that anxiety. The AP Psychology exam is one of the more popular AP tests, and it has a pretty straightforward format and scoring system. In this article, I'll tell you what's on the AP Psychology test, how it's graded, and which prep methods you should use to get a great score. How Is the AP Psychology Exam Structured? The AP Psych test consists of two sections: a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. Section 1: Multiple Choice Here is a quick rundown of the multiple-choice section format: Number of Questions: 100 Time: 70 minutes Scoring: Worth two-thirds of your final AP Psych score Questions on the multiple-choice section will typically ask you to do the following: Use psychological terms to label specific scenarios Show that you understand concepts from psychological theories Understand the scientific and physiological basis of psychological theories and disorders, and give appropriate explanations Show that you understand the scientific method and how to interpret findings from research studies Section 2: Free Response Here is an overview of the free-response section on the AP Psychology test: Number of Questions: 2 Time: 50 minutes Scoring: Worth one-third of your final AP Psych score Free-response AP Psych questions will ask you to do the following: Relate different content areas within the realm of psychology Evaluate and analyze theoretical perspectives and psychological concepts Answer in complete sentences and follow the directions of the prompt Overview of AP Psychology Test Overall, AP Psychology is one of the shorter AP exams, clocking in at just two hours in total. The exam will take place on Thursday, May 9, 2019, at noon. Ah, May. The flowers are blooming, the birds are chirping- and the rustle of freshly opened AP test booklets fills the air. How Is the AP Psychology Exam Scored? Now that you understand the structure of the AP Psychology exam, it's time to learn how your final AP score is calculated. As I mentioned, the multiple-choice section is worth two-thirds (66.6%) of your score, and the free-response section is worth one-third (33.3%) of your score. For multiple choice, scoring is relatively simple. You get a point for every question you answer correctly. No points are deducted for incorrect answers or questions you left blank. You can earn a maximum of 100 points on the multiple-choice section. Free-response questions are reviewed by AP graders. You’ll get a score out of 7 or 8 for each of the two questions. Each of these scores is then multiplied by 3.125 so that together they make up one-third of your total raw score. Your raw score is then compared with the curve calculated by the College Board to see what score you’ll get on the final 1-5 AP scale. The following table offers estimated raw-to-AP-score conversions for the AP Psychology test. Keep in mind that each year the curve is slightly different, so this will lead to a rough estimate of your score, not an exact prediction. Raw Composite Score AP Score Percentage of Students Earning Each Score (2018) 113-150 5 21.2% 93-112 4 26.3% 77-92 3 18.1% 65-76 2 14.5% 0-64 1 19.9% Source: The College Board For example, let’s say you got 55 questions right on the multiple-choice section and scored a four on one free-response question and a five on the other. This would add up to a raw score of 83 because 55 + (4*3.125) + (5*3.125)= 83.125. Based on the chart above, this score would then translate to a 3 for a final AP score. Topics and Example Questions on the AP Psychology Test In this section, I’ll give you some real-life examples of test questions so you can get a better idea of what the AP Psychology test is actually like. As a preface to the questions, here are the topics you’ll see on AP Psych, ordered from most to least common. You should consult this list to make sure that you've fully reviewed the content for the test and aren't missing anything important (especially in the most common topic areas). Topic % of Questions Research Methods (how experiments are conducted, statistics, ethics) 8-10% Biological Bases of Behavior (anatomy, genetics, medical techniques) 8-10% Cognition (memory, language, problem-solving) 8-10% Social Psychology (group dynamics, attribution processes, conformity/compliance/obedience, cultural influences, antisocial behavior, attitudes) 8-10% Abnormal Psychology (disorders, theories of origin, diagnoses) 7-9% Developmental Psychology (nature-nurture psychological dynamics, general theories of development, research methods) 7-9% Learning (types of conditioning, social learning, cognitive processes) 7-9% Sensation and Perception (perceptual processes, sensory mechanisms, attention, Signal Detection Theory) 6-8% Motivation and Emotion (theories and biological bases of motivation and emotion, stress, social motives) 6-8% Personality (personality theories, assessment techniques, growth and adjustment) 5-7% Testing and Individual Differences (standardization and norms, validity of testing models, measuring intelligence, ethics in testing) 5-7% Treatment of Psychological Disorders (types of therapy and treatment approaches) 5-7% States of Consciousness (sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, psychoactive drug effects) 2-4% History and Approaches (history of psychology, different fields of psychology) 2-4% Source: The College Board Multiple Here is a sample question from the official AP Psychology course description: Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget’s concrete operational stage? A. Sally thinks everyone’s favorite color is blue because it is her favorite color.B. Tom received the highest grade in his philosophy course.C. Gracie forgets about her toy because it is under her blanket.D. Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container.E. Ava does not like being around unfamiliar people. To answer this question, you need to be familiar with Piaget’s psychological theory and the behaviors that correspond with each of his proposed stages. Piaget’s theory of development has four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations. The concrete operational stage typically happens between the ages of 7 and 11. This stage is when a child becomes capable of applying logical and operational thought to physical objects but isn’t quite capable of abstract logic yet. Let’s go through the possibilities! Choice A doesn’t have anything to do with the concrete operational stage, so we can eliminate that answer. Choice B seems as though it’s beyond the concrete operational stage. Philosophy involves a lot of abstract reasoning! This choice can be eliminated as well. The child in Choice C is too underdeveloped. Kids in the concrete operational stage have spatial awareness, so we can get rid of this one. Choice D seems to make sense! This is the stage at which kids start to understand logically that a tall, skinny glass might hold the same amount of water as a short, wide glass. Choice E appears to be unrelated to the concrete operational stage, so we can eliminate it. Therefore, we can conclude that Choice D is the correct answer. "I ga ga, therefore I goo goo." Tom, please stop. Free The following free-response question was on the 2012 AP Psychology exam: 1a. Annabelle is planning to apply to college but has not yet decided where she will apply. Describe how the following psychological concepts and terms relate to her choice. Availability heuristic Compliance Prefrontal cortex Prospective memory 1b. Explain how the following psychological concepts could relate to how well Annabelle adapts when she begins her college career. Agoraphobia Crystallized intelligence Ethnocentrism For this free-response question, you must understand what each of the terms mean and how they relate to this specific situation. To earn your first point on part a, you have to explain how the availability heuristic might have affected Annabelle’s college decision. The scoring guidelines state, "Students must establish that Annabelle’s decision-making processes or her choices about college, or both, are influenced by information that comes most readily to mind." For example, you might say that Annabelle decided to apply to UCLA because her parents had gone there and talk to her about it frequently, so this option was at the forefront of her mind in the decision-making process. You would then go on to relate the three remaining terms to Annabelle's college-search process. You could earn a maximum of four points in part a of this question (one point for each description). Part b asks you to explain how certain psychological concepts might relate to Annabelle's adaptation to her new college environment. For agoraphobia, the scoring guidelines say, "Students must explain how Annabelle’s fear inhibits her from engaging in college life." This could be something like describing how Annabelle’s fear of crowds caused her to skip orientation activities and miss out on the chance to make new friends. You'd need to do the same for the other two terms to earn the full three points for part b. For a more detailed description of how responses to this question were scored, you can review the scoring guidelines here. "Does free will exist, or am I just a made-up person who exists solely to provide context for a question on an exam taken by beings in an alternate universe?" Oh, Annabelle, save it for college. What’s the Best Way to Prep for the AP Psychology Exam? If you’re aware of the structure and content of the AP Psychology exam, you can use specific prep methods to help you succeed on it. Here are five tips guaranteed to give you a higher chance of earning a great AP Psych score. #1: Take Practice Tests The best way to prepare for standardized tests like this one is to take practice tests so that you have a good idea of where your weaknesses lie. Practice tests will also help you get used to the format of the AP Psych test, as well as the types of questions it asks. The College Board offers practice free-response questions from previous years (up to 2017). You can also access three full-length official AP Psychology practice tests as free PDFS: 2012 AP Psychology Exam 1999 AP Psychology Exam 1994 AP Psychology Exam To simulate the real testing experience, I recommend printing out the test and writing/bubbling in your answers to the questions rather than doing them on the computer. You should also time yourself accurately so you can be sure you don't run out of time on the actual exam. After you take a practice test or two, review your answers to see which content areas gave you the most trouble. Focus on going over the topics for which you had the highest concentration of incorrect answers. #2: Use the Topic Breakdown Information For AP Psychology, we know exactly which topics will be covered and how frequently we can expect to see them on the test. This is valuable information you can use to your advantage when studying. Specifically, spend more time reviewing unfamiliar topics that are especially common on the exam. It's better to know the ins and outs of a high-frequency topic super well than to have only a rudimentary knowledge of two low-frequency topics. Prioritize wisely! A topic breakdown sounds almost like a topic breakdance! Am I relating to the youth yet? #3: Learn to Budget Your Time Appropriately This is something you can do in conjunction with taking practice tests. On the AP Psychology test, you only have about 40 seconds for each multiple-choice question. This means you have to be smart about skipping questions that are taking up too much of your time. If you take a practice test and find that you’re often running out of time, you might need to push yourself to work faster or move on from difficult questions more quickly. You’ll also have just 25 minutes for each free-response question on the test. The good news is that free-response questions on AP Psychology are scored based on the information you provide and not on your mastery of essay format. In short, you don’t have to write an introduction and a conclusion, which will save you a lot of time. #4: Go Over Important Terms On the AP Psych exam, it’s crucial for you to know the meanings of key terms related to the course. Questions often ask you to explain how a scenario relates to a certain psychological concept. But if you don’t remember what the concept means, you won’t be able to answer the question. There are lots of confusing terms in AP Psychology, which is why it’s so important that you take the time to compile them and go through them methodically when you study. This is especially true of terms you learned at the beginning of the school year, as they'll be less fresh in your mind when the time comes to take the test. #5: Avoid Cramming There’s a lot to remember for AP Psychology, and you aren’t going to be able to stuff it all in your brain in one night. For courses like this that are memorization-heavy, it’s best to get in the habit of studying as you go along and taking the time to review old material periodically. If you can gradually build up your knowledge throughout the school year and avoid completely forgetting what you learned at the beginning of class, the exam will feel much less stressful for you. Every one or two months, do a comprehensive review of everything you’ve learned so far to refresh your memory. You might be surprised by how little you have to study for the AP Psych test at the end of the school year when everyone else is freaking out! And remember, ladies, you're never too busy to throw on a little eye glitter between study sessions. Recap: What to Know About the AP Psychology Test The AP Psychology exam is a relatively short AP test. However, because it encompasses a variety of content areas, it's important to know all the key terms and psychological theories that are covered in the course. In order to succeed on this test, you must be able to connect specific psychological terminology to a wide range of different scenarios. Overall, AP Psychology is probably one of the easier AP exams, but that doesn't mean you should skip studying. Make sure you take official practice tests and are fully aware of the exam's format and content so you won't be caught off-guard on test day! What's Next? Still not sure if AP Psychology is the right choice for you? Learn more about AP classes and tests to see whether it's worth it to take them. You can also dip your toe in the AP Psych pool with this article about Stockholm Syndrome (something you'll likely learn about in AP Psych). What do AP scores mean for your future? Find out more about how AP credit works at colleges. Trying to plan out your schedule? Read this article to get a better idea of how many AP classes you should take based on your college goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Confronting and Affronting

Confronting and Affronting Confronting and Affronting Confronting and Affronting By Maeve Maddox The verbs confront and affront both derive from Latin frontem, forehead. Confront combines frontem with Latin com, together. To confront someone is literally to go forehead to forehead with. The English verb came into the language in the 1560s from French confronter and originally meant to stand in front of, The word confront usually implies a sense of boldness or hostility. A defendant confronts his accuser. A dishonest employee is confronted with proof of guilt. A courageous explorer confronts the elements. The noun for confront is confrontation. Gaza aid flotilla to set sail for confrontation with Israel As Confrontation Deepens, Irans Path Is Unclear Thai military seeks to avoid confrontation with protesters Confrontation is one of the hardest aspects of being a leader. Affront combines frontem with Latin ad, against. The English verb affront came into the language in the early 14th century, from Old French afronter, to face. Late Latin affrontare meant to strike on the forehead. To affront someone is to treat the person with indignity. To be affronted is to feel shame or humiliation. Examples: Politicians often go out of their way to affront their opponents. The six year old was affronted when his mother forced him to put on a bib. The noun for affront is affront. Police raid at JMU is an affront to the First Amendment An affront to British justice: How the dice were loaded against Gary McKinnon The MTA’s big bollards are an affront to Brooklyn New Arizona immigration law an affront to decency WBs reality shows an affront to female viewers Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingHow to Pronounce MobileStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

How valid is the view that the German state which emerged between 1867 Coursework

How valid is the view that the German state which emerged between 1867 and 1871 was essentially autocratic, conservative and mil - Coursework Example Bismarck, on the other hand was the government’s chancellor (Turk, 1999). Their designations were in accordance with the Confederation’s constitution. Bismarck was actually the one who drafted the said constitution. He made it possible for the newly constituted state to have an emperor and a chancellor. He designed the constitution in such a way that he would be designated to a high position. The new constitution was observed to be the revised version of the Prussian constitution (â€Å"World,† n.d.). The main difference was the inclusion of the chancellor position. The addition of such designation in the constitution was of course with a purpose. It was designed by Bismarck so that he will have a greater role in the affairs of the Confederation. Significantly, the constitution accorded great powers to Bismarck, the chancellor (â€Å"North,† 2009). Although the constitution made Bismark responsible to the Reichstag, he was not accountable to them (â€Å"N orth,† 2009). This means that Bismark had power and control over the Reichstag. Nevertheless, the Reichstag did not have power over the chancellor. The grant of authority was one sided. Stated in another sense, there was no balance of power between them. The distribution of power under the Confederation’s constitution was unfair. It granted more power to the chancellor and less to the legislature. It could have been fine if the legislature was also accorded with the power to check the works of the chancellor, some sort of limitation. Nonetheless, the Reichstag did not have the authority to check the works of Bismarck. In other words, there was no check and balance between the two offices of the government. The legislature, instead of being the defender of the rights of the German people, became Bismark’s shield as to any expulsion attempt. Bismark then had the confidence to do anything he wanted to do. He was assured of the fact that the legislature does not have the power to evict him from his office. The constitution granted Bismarck an unlimited power to rule. Thus, in its essence, the new government was autocratic. Bismark was able to effectively control the internal affairs of the government. The set-up allowed him to become the direct intermediary between the people and the emperor (â€Å"North,† 2009). In a sense, the Reichstag was like a puppet to the government. It was part of the Confederation but it was absent in the minds of the people. In other words, it was a useless legislature. It was only there by its name and not by action. Bismark could have envisioned for such kind of legislature in his chancellorship. He could have aimed to be exercising some of the powers of the legislature. As a consequence, he was able to retain the power over the budget for German military (â€Å"North,† 2009). The ultimate decision with regard to the said budget depended on him. The Reichstag could not object or whatsoever to the deci sion that Bismark would declare. Its ability to reject any bill was only a theory (â€Å"World,† n.d.). In practice, the Reichstag was only restricted in the areas of foreign and military policy (â€Å"World,† n.d.). Moreover, Bismarck was also able to prevent some civil servants from becoming part of the Reichstag. These civil servants were the ones who opposed Bismarck’s political ideals in the year 1860 (â€Å"North,† 2009). In this sense, Bismarck had used his political power to advance his selfish desires and personal interests. He

Why I want to be a Cardiovascular Technologist Essay

Why I want to be a Cardiovascular Technologist - Essay Example Nutrients, waste, and other cells are carried by the blood pumped by the heart. The heart is so important and strong, first aid courses teach individuals to apply pressure in order to stop bleeding as the first action to be undertaken at an accident scene. Humans cannot survive without a heart. I have the ability to become a Cardiovascular Technologist. I am prepared to study to work under a physicians directions in order to diagnose heart (cardiac) and blood vessel (peripheral vascular) problems. I feel that being a Cardiovascular Technologist will allow me to have a chance for greater interaction with patients. I have not yet decided which of the three Cardiovascular Technologist specialties, cardiology, enchocardiography, or vascular technology, to focus on. I know that I would make an excellent Cardiovascular Technologist. Cardiovascular medicine fascinates me. Since the heart interest me, helping people with heart problems will come naturally to me. I am very personable and compassionate. Oral instructions are not a problem for me. I am also inquisitive and a fast thinker. All of these traits will help me become a Cardiovascular Technologist. The last reason I want to become a Cardiovascular Technologist is financial and job security. Since medicine relating to the heart will always be necessary, a Cardiovascular Technologist will always be in demand. This is especially true for one that has the correct training and education. With job security comes financial security. Cardiovascular Technologist make a good living, the average being $38,000 a year. This is better than minimum wage. It would be a dream come true to work at a job I love and get paid for it. I find the heart interesting and fascinating. The need to further my education is important to me, especially education in the cardiovascular field. I am determined to become a Cardiovascular Technologist. My determination, eagerness, compassion, intelligence, and interest

Economy of Germany Nowadays Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economy of Germany Nowadays - Assignment Example Germany is one such country whose economy was largely affected by the economic recession leading to inflations and a drop in currency value. The economy has since stabilized as it continues to invest in its economy. The value of the euro has since stabilized and the trend is approaching upward exponential growth. The current biggest hurdle facing the country is an ever-increasing rate of unemployment facing young youths who are joining the job market. This has been cited to arise from the high number of foreign labor infiltrating the market due to the competitive, lucrative industrial wage rate that attracts labor from all over the world to the disadvantage of its native labor force (Wall, 2010). Germany has since maintained its competitive labor market as compared to its neighboring states owing to a well-crafted wage rate with a competent and productive pool of labor. The economy of the country has been slowed down by post-German wars that incapacitated the state and brought down the economy to ground level as everything came to a halt. It took time for Germany to recover but even then, they could not restore their resources and degraded infrastructure to their previous state. Such setbacks are what impacted the economy. The other factor affecting the economy is the high rate of unemployment as earlier mentioned. The country has no setbacks absorb its labor force into developing the economy due to the increased growth rates and frequent infiltration of labor forces from the neighboring states.  

Value Orientation Style analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value Orientation Style analysis - Essay Example According to the two anthropologists, understanding the differences in value orientation is critical in corporate management in different locations. In this regard, it would be important to analyze the culture of Russians in the context of Pierre Frankel experience and within the five human concerns. The Russian society believes that human being is evil and as such emphasizes use of code of conduct, punishment and sanctions as behavior control approach. Considering the case study, since the fall of Soviet in 1992, the people of Russia attribute their failures to opening up to the west. In this respect, there has been significant suspicion coupled with bitterness for foreign companies hence difficulty in free interaction with foreign corporate leaders. The cold reception Frankel received from Lebedev and the idea of giving him an office away from Managing director’s office manifests this extent of unease with foreigners. This means that it would be difficult for H-IT to make significant impact with its globally standardized management practices. In the context of activity orientation, Russian society is containing and controlling. It can be noted that despite efforts by Frankel to initiate changes with top leadership and employees in H-IT subsidiary in Russia, there was significant go-slow in response. This is a society where people value control and orderlies with life-society balance. Despite Frankel trying to convince the Russian managers on how to effect productive changes, the employees remained reluctant and pursued local approach hence the observed poor performance of the company. For instance, While Frankel attempts to hire a more competent personnel, Lebedev seeks his own with intention to contain any outside influence from the new employee. The Russian community offer significant opposition to contemporary business demand due to its emphasis on past time orientation. This society clings on the Soviet era culture and

Classical mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classical mythology - Essay Example However, when Greek myths [stories] are mentioned, most Christians and other contemporary religions shun them as mere fantasy, or fictional stories that never existed but were rather coined from human imagination. This and other disagreeing points exist when Greek mythology is being compared to other systems. However, the similarities are evident in some cases too. This paper will conduct a comparative research on Greek mythology and Christianity (as a non-Greek system), and in the comparison highlight significant emergent similarities and differences. Religion is the comparable element between Greek mythology and Christianity. Multiple differences and similarities are evident here. One similarity is that in Christianity and in the Greek system, there was a supreme being. In ancient Greek, there was Zeus, who was the god above all gods, and the Supreme Being that ruled over fate, order, law, the weather, and the sky. Although defined in terms of humanistic features such as being a sturdy man with a dark beard and one who depicted maturity, he held supernatural powers. He was attributed to the eagle, royal scepter, and a lightning bolt. Additionally, there were other gods under Zeus, such as the god of war, the god of fertility, and the god of love1. Similarly, the Christians have a Supreme Being, their God, who is the creator of mankind and rules over all creation. He is referred to as Yahweh, Jehovah, or simply â€Å"God†. The Christian God is referred to as â€Å"He† and is also attributed human features such as the famous Christian principle that says humans were made in God’s image2. Unlike Zeus, however, he has no specific attributes such as a beard, since He is spiritual and not visible to human eyes. Christians do not have lesser gods like the Greek in that Yahweh is the one and only God recognized by the religion. However, there is the definition

English Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English - Thesis Example It means larger reception hall or church, more drinks and food, more invitations and a bigger wedding cake. The first deliberation to make when deciding about the guests’ numbers is who is significant and who must attend the wedding. To reduce the wedding size, send invitations to the most important people as this will minimize the cake size to be baked, the reception hall and church size and, cut down on the total cost. The section is among the prime expenses depending on the category selected for a wedding. An important decision to be made involves whether the couple prefers a formal meal of sitting down which would be more expensive since it requires more staff or a buffet presentation. Another important factor includes considering what will be served before and after food if necessary. Always prefer the quality cheaper alternatives which could come as a package. The other central element of the wedding is the photography and music session. Depending on what the partners would like, either music playing in the event, live entertainment or hiring a DJ, options must be weighed. A wedding is a one-time occasion in individual’s life so planning must be made bearing in mind the benefits to the partners for the

Classical mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classical mythology - Essay Example However, when Greek myths [stories] are mentioned, most Christians and other contemporary religions shun them as mere fantasy, or fictional stories that never existed but were rather coined from human imagination. This and other disagreeing points exist when Greek mythology is being compared to other systems. However, the similarities are evident in some cases too. This paper will conduct a comparative research on Greek mythology and Christianity (as a non-Greek system), and in the comparison highlight significant emergent similarities and differences. Religion is the comparable element between Greek mythology and Christianity. Multiple differences and similarities are evident here. One similarity is that in Christianity and in the Greek system, there was a supreme being. In ancient Greek, there was Zeus, who was the god above all gods, and the Supreme Being that ruled over fate, order, law, the weather, and the sky. Although defined in terms of humanistic features such as being a sturdy man with a dark beard and one who depicted maturity, he held supernatural powers. He was attributed to the eagle, royal scepter, and a lightning bolt. Additionally, there were other gods under Zeus, such as the god of war, the god of fertility, and the god of love1. Similarly, the Christians have a Supreme Being, their God, who is the creator of mankind and rules over all creation. He is referred to as Yahweh, Jehovah, or simply â€Å"God†. The Christian God is referred to as â€Å"He† and is also attributed human features such as the famous Christian principle that says humans were made in God’s image2. Unlike Zeus, however, he has no specific attributes such as a beard, since He is spiritual and not visible to human eyes. Christians do not have lesser gods like the Greek in that Yahweh is the one and only God recognized by the religion. However, there is the definition

Ap English- the Jungle by Upton Sinclair Essay Example for Free

Ap English- the Jungle by Upton Sinclair Essay The wedding between Jurgis and Ona is an epitome of the various problems in Packingtown. The way the saloon keeper took advantage of the couple is representative of the dishonesty and thievery from the surrounding society. The crowd stranded outside the wedding symbolizes the helpless and hungry inhabitants of Packingtown. When the newlyweds allowed these people into the wedding they quickly transformed into an â€Å"every man for themselves† perspective. In retrospect, the disregard for others that thrived in the society by not providing a money donation to the bride and groom was prevalent. The wedding demonstrates the struggle of Packingtown’s society as well as the future it forces upon its citizens. 2. Vivid Imagery: †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"These bare places were grown up with dingy, yellow weeds, hiding innumerable tomato-cans, innumerable children played upon them, chasing one another here and there, screaming and fighting. † This excerpt describes the area in which the children would play. Sinclair uses words like, â€Å"dingy† to emphasize the situation in which the kids grew up in. â€Å"One wondered about this, as also about the swarms of flies which hung about the scene, literally blackening the air, and the strange, fetid odor which assailed ones nostrils, a ghastly odor, of all the dead things of the universe. † Here Sinclair depicts the horrible situations that people had to deal with when living in Packingtown. When Sinclair talks about the flies blackening the sky, the reader is able to make a mental image of how awful the conditions wer e. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"One with a swift stroke cut the throat; another with two swift strokes severed the head, which fell to the floor and vanished through a hole. Another made a slit down the body; a second opened the body wider , a third with a saw cut the breast-bone; a fourth loosened the entrails; a fifth pulled them out — and they also slid through a hole in the floor. † In this passage Sinclair gives the reader a grotesque image of the working areas in Packingtown. The crude images are very descriptive and add a sense of reality to the story. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Little by little the scene grew plain: towering, black building here and there, long rows of shops and sheds, little railways branching everywhere, bare gray cinders under foot and oceans of billowing black smoke above. While describing the steel mill’s surroundings, Sinclair uses a metaphor to emphasize the environment around the building, â€Å"†¦oceans of billowing black smoke above. † †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦deafening thunder, and whistles shrieked warnings on all sides of him at once; where miniature steam-engines came rushing upon him, and sizzling, q uivering, white-hot masses of metal sped past him, and explosions of fire and flaming sparks dazzled him and scorched his face. † When describing the inner parts of the steel mills, Sinclair uses sensory words to grab the reader’s attention. Words like, â€Å"deafening†, â€Å"shrieked†, â€Å"sizzling†, â€Å"white-hot masses†, â€Å"dazzled† and â€Å"scorched,† add to the mental image portrayed when reading this passage. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦by the stage, he saw the stage, he saw three giant caldrons, big enough for all the devils of hell to brew their broth in, full of something white and blinding, bubbling and splashing, roaring as if volcanoes were blowing through it—one had to shout to be heard in the place. †In this selection the author uses very descriptive language to increase the impact of the scene. â€Å"The devils of hell to brew their broth,† this statement is very intense and strong. It is showing the ways of the steel mill as a hell-like place. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦there fell a pillar of white flame, dazzling as the sun, swishing like a huge tree in the forest. † This example shows how the author is able to use similes to validate the image. With his descriptive words the reader is able to picture the situation clearly. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å" Out of regions of wonder it streamed, the very river of life; and the soul leaped up at the sight of it, fled back upon it, swift and restless, back into far-off lands, where beauty and terror dwell. † This passage is very dramatic. The way Sinclair masterfully creates an image of a â€Å"river of life† and â€Å"the soul leaped up at the sight† is incredible. He is able to give the reader a front row perspective when reading the section. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"So amid deafening uproar it clattered to and fro, growing thinner and flatter and longer. The ingot seemed almost a living thing; it did not want to run this mad course, but it was in the grip of fate, it was tumbled upon, screeching and clanking and shivering in protest. † In this passage the author uses personification to describe the steel mill workplace. When uses this literary term he leaves the reader with a strong image of the steel mill. He gives the ingot a personality and emotion. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"By and by it was long and thin, a great red snake escaped from purgatory; and then, as it slid through the rollers, you would have sworn that it was alive — it writhed and squirmed, and wriggles and shudders passed out through its tail, all but flinging it off by their violence. † This last quote adds to the personification of the ingot. The personification used here is a clear example of Sinclair’s mind thinking, and creativity. The words used here that add to the imagery are, â€Å"squirmed†, â€Å"wiggled†, â€Å"flinging. † All of these words create vivid imagery for the reader. 3. Sympathy: †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Then suddenly her eyes opened one instant. One instant she looked at him there was a flash of recognition between them†¦. she faded from him, she slipped back and she was gone. † In this passage Sinclair uses emotion to pull the reader in. He gives the readers a sign of hope when Ona opens her eye, then he crushes them down when saying she is gone. The reader feels the emotion that Jurgis is feeling when dealing with the death of his wife because of Sinclair’s way of making his words into reality. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"He clutched her hands, he shook her, he caught her in his arms and pressed her to him; but she lay cold and still—she was gone—she was gone! † In this passage Sinclair emphasizes the emotion of Jurgis by repeating his last few words. His use of alliteration adds an echo to an intense scene. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"He gripped his hands and set his teeth together—he had not wept, and he would not—not a tear! It was past and over, and he was done with it—he would fling it off his shoulders, be free of it. † In this passage Jurgis just found out about the death of Antanas. Jurgis does not want to deal with reality, so he ignores the fact that his son is dead. This makes the reader feel sympathy towards Jurgis in his attempt to evade the truth. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"It should go like a black, hateful nightmare, and in the morning he would be new man. And every time that a thought assailed him—a tender memory, a trace of a tear—he rose up, cursing with rage, and pounded it down. This passage is another example of Jurgis’ persistency. His urge to avoid the situation gives the reader an upfront perspective. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"There should be no more tears and no more tenderness; he had had enough of them—they had sold him into slavery. † This passage helps the reader understand the struggles that Jurgis has had to deal with while in Packingtown. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å" So he went on, tearing up all the flowers from the garden of his soul, and setting his heel upon them. † This passage uses an emotional metaphor to enhance the reader’s point of view. Using flowers as Jurgis’ happiness, and saying that he has pulled them out and stomped on them, shows how depressed Jurgis is. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Then, too, his health came back to him, all his lost youthful vigor, his joy and power that he had mourned and forgotten! It came with a sudden rush, bewildering him, startling him; it was as if his dead childhood had come back to him, laughing and calling! † This side of Jurgis is not recognized by the reader. His emotion here is so happy and excited that it gives the reader hope that Jurgis isn’t all bad. 4. Naturalism: â€Å"They had put him behind bars, as if he had been a wild beast, a thing without sense or reason, without rights, without affections, without feelings. † The author is comparing Jurgis to a wild animal. This is ironic because in Jurgis’ job he had to kill wild animals and enclose them. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"They could tell the whole hateful story of it, set forth the inner soul of a city in which ju stice and honor, women’s bodies and men’s souls were for sale in the market-place, and human beings writhed and fought and fell upon each other like wolves in a pit. † Sinclair compares people to fighting wolves. The beastly characteristics of wolves give the reader an image of hostility between people in society. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"He nodded to her, and she came and sat by him, and they had one more drink, and then he went upstairs into a room with her, and the wild beast rose up within him and screamed, as it has screamed in the jungle from the dawn of time. † This passage is interesting because it is comparing Jurgis to an animal in the jungle. And it is ironic because the jungle is the title of the book. 5. In chapter 21, Jurgis is struggling to find his sense of stability. There is an excerpt where Sinclair proves this by writing, â€Å"To a man whose whole life had consisted of doing one certain thing all day, until he was so exhausted that he could only lie down and sleep until the next day—and to be now his own master, working as he pleased and when he pleased, and facing a new adventure every hour! † This passage shows the reader that Jurgis is finding a new way of life and realizing that he doesn’t always have to follow what the norm is. In contrast to the way of Packingtown, Jurgis’ new way of life is free and pleasant. Another contrasting issue is how Jurgis starts the book as a strong headed man. He is working hard for his family and their needs. He is positive that America will help his family and only add to their happiness. By the end of the book Jurgis has no family. America took away the only two people in his life that he loved. He begins to lose trust in people and starts to slowly become a dark and hateful man. 6. Diction: â€Å"Just what,† answered the other, â€Å"would be the productive capacity of society if the present resources of science were utilized, we have no means of ascertaining; but we may be sure it would exceed anything that would sound reasonable to minds inured to the ferocious barbarities of Capitalism. The diction used here is describing capitalism as â€Å"ferocious barbarities. † Sinclair is straight to the point when defending his opinion of being against capitalism and for socialism. Vivid Imagery: It was a monster devouring with a thousand mouths, trampling with a thousand hoofs; it was the Great Butcher — it was the spir it of Capitalism made flesh. Upon the ocean of commerce it sailed as a pirate ship; it had hoisted the black flag and declared war upon civilization. In this passage Sinclair uses intense images to enhance his opinion on Capitalism. He only thinks of Capitalism as a bad way of life with no positives. When reading the passage the reader is able to see Capitalism as a ship, sailing on the ocean, and trying to corrupt society. Juxtaposition: The working-man was to fix his hopes upon a future life, while his pockets were picked in this one; he was brought up to frugality, humility, obedience, — in short to all the pseudo-virtues of capitalism. The destiny of civilization would be decided in one final death-struggle between the Red International and the Black, between Socialism and the Roman Catholic Church; while here at home, the stygian midnight of American evangelicalism —Sinclair puts his two opposing societies in the same paragraph to emphasize his point of view. 7. In the beginning of this book Jurgis saw the stockyards as a way to get a better life for him and his family. The stockyards were Jurgis’ backbone, the main supplier of survival. When the stockyards began to reveal the truth of society, Jurgis realized he was doomed. The stockyards developed into Jurgis’ enemy. They took over his life and began to control it. He was forced to work there in order to survive, even though it disgusted him and sometimes hurt him. In the book it says, â€Å"When Jurgis had first come to the stockyards he had been as clean as any working-man could well be. But later on, what with sickness and cold and hunger and discouragement, and the filthiness of his work, and the vermin in his home, he had given up washing in winter, and in summer only as much of him as would go into a basin. † This shows how Jurgis was dependent of the stockyards, and how the stockyards neglected his needs. 8. Upton Sinclair was trying to get sympathy for the workers in Packingtown. He wanted to show the public what conditions were like and how workers suffered. He also wanted to start a socialistic movement, where society would avoid capitalism and head for socialism. But he actually only made readers want to not eat manufactured food. His descriptive scenes showed the readers the true essence of a factory. His vivid imagery, instead of getting sympathy, started a food purity movement. This book influenced people to start the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Part 2 QA: 1. Chicago 2. Buying the house 3. Phil Conner 4. Jack Duane 5. Prostitute. QUOTES: â€Å"I will work harder† – This quote is signifying constant determination that Jurgis possesses and his fear of failure. It’s significant throughout the entire book because he is always trying to make a better life for his family and loved ones and yet he continues to fail. â€Å"I did not want—to do it,† she said, â€Å"I tried—I tried not to do it. I only did it—to save us. It was our only chance. † – This shows the pure desperation of Ona’s family and their struggle to withhold a decent life. The author uses pathos to appeal to the reader’s emotion as he emphasizes their pitiful situation. In their oppressive society liberty and humanity are diminished. â€Å"It’s the second time they’ve sent me up on a trumped charge—I’ve had hard luck and can’t pay them what they want. Why don’t you quit Chicago with me Jurgis? † – This quote shows how Jurgis is ready to disregard morals and leave his life. He wants a different and better life. He is thinking about leaving Chicago and the cruel ways of the Packingtown. â€Å"When people are starving,† the other continued, â€Å"and they have anything with a price, they ought to sell it, I say. I guess you realize it now when it’s too late. Ona could have taken care of us all, in the beginning. † – This quote shows the desperation created in capitalistic system. In order to survive, the abandonment or morality and self-respect is necessary. People need to go with the system and evade original ideas. Sinclair also brings up Ona’s death to make the reader feel sorry for the family. â€Å"You know what to do about it—vote the socialistic ticket! † – This quotes juxtaposition to a paragraph that briefly displays some of the flaws in a socialistic community. It’s basically saying that socialism is the way to go. Essay Questions: 1. When people think of a jungle, they imagine struggle, hardships, a dog eat dog society, where the fittest flourish. The predator and prey in Packingtown also exemplifies the title. The ruthless winters and unsanitary conditions of Packingtown illustrate the primitive ways of a jungle. 2. No this book is not an effective piece of persuasive writing. Throughout the book Sinclair talks about the flaws of capitalism without any solutions. When socialism is finally brought up Jurgis is already starting to have a better life and doesn’t need socialism to save him. Therefore defeating the purpose. . This book should be taught in schools. Many pros of it are that it was written by an American. Also it accurately represents America at the time. Finally the main family live in America and has to deal with the struggle most families in America, at that time, had to deal with. In retrospect, the book contrast with traditional American values and beliefs. Also it pulls a negative quilt ove r the American system, portraying it as a desperate society that is in need of a change. Finally it refutes the American dream by showing death and depression in an â€Å"American family†.

Visiting Pattaya, Thailand †Sin city!

Visiting Pattaya, Thailand – Sin city! Pattaya – Sin city! Sawasdee (Hello in Thai)! Known for its go-go and beer bars, Pattaya is coastal resort on the coasts of the Gulf of Thailand. It is around 150 km away from Bangkok. Sex tourism is the main attraction here; however this resort city is also visited by local families and travelers from all over the world. The vast range of hotels and guest houses here make it a popular weekend retreat that offers a wide range of things to do and a myriad of multi cuisine eating options. It is mainly populated by a vibrant fusion of various cultures from all over the world. The family-friendly Jomtien Beachnearby is recommended if the visually raunchy feel of Pattaya does not appeal you. Best Season to visit Pattaya November to April are the most favorable months to visit Pattaya. You may look at the cool season between December and March when the humidity is low, the skies are clear and the rain is minimal. Highlights (Things to Do in Pattaya) Experience the spectacular transvestite cabaret show at the Tiffany’s Show. Be enthralled by the structure at The Sanctuary of Truth, made entirely of teak wood and one that is a testimonial to Thai workmanship. Haggle at the Pattaya Floating Market, an extensive market place functioning entirely on boats and floating structures. Go around the world in around two hours at the Mini Siam where you have replicas of nearly hundred world famous structures on display here. Defy your perception at the Ripley’s Believe It or Not, with over 300 exhibits. Get dunked in water at the world’s largest water fight, during the Songkran or the Thai New Year. Ride an elephant at the Elephant Village, experience how they are tamed and see demonstrations of training techniques. Walk down any of the various Street Markets and experience a mix of cultures, cuisine and artifacts being sold there. Be one among the fishes and sea life at the Underwater World, one of the largest aquariums in Asia. Get hugged by a Bengal Tiger at the Pattaya Tiger Zoo. Take a stroll at the Nong Nooch Tropical Garden, walk across different landscapes based on different civilizations. Pray at the Viharnra Sien, a beautiful three story Chinese temple. Get picked up at Walking Street, probably one of the most (in) famous street in Pattaya, known for the Go Go Bars, discos and Cabaret shows that line the street. Hotspots of Pattaya You can check out these places if you are looking at the top Pattaya Tourism places to visit. Na Kluea Sanctuary of Truth – This structure has been made totally with teak wood. Even metal nails have not been used to hold it together. With a spiritual view of the ocean, the Sanctuary of Truth is considered to be an unrealistic setting: it seems like a fusion of art, religion and culture. It has four dedicated sections with carvings from the Thai, Chinese, Indian and Khmer origins. Sattahip Anek Kusala Sala (Viharn Sien) – Though the official name is Anek Kuson Sala, it is also known known as Vihara Sien because of the Chinese saints housed here. This grand three-storied temple is a place of worship, as well as a museum. It contains over 300 remarkable pieces of Chinese artefact, made of bronze and brass. Buddhist deities can also be found here. This temple was built as a friendship and bonding venture. Hat Ko Lan – This is a small island around 7km off the coast of Pattaya. Weekends attract the crowds and all five beaches are jam packed. Khao Phra Tamnak – The best way to find this place would be to look for a giant golden seated Buddha on top of a forested hill. This statue has been here since the time Pattaya used to be a small fishing village. Tiffanys Cabaret Show – The only transvestite cabaret show in this part of the world, Tiffany’s show is arguably one of the most recommended tourist destinations here. The show has been going on for over 28 years and has been one of the front runners to contribute the most in the growth of Pattaya as a tourist destination. Elephant Village – This is a non-profit organization taking care of former working elephants. It is around 7km away from Pattaya. Here you can see training techniques, elephant shows and also go on elephant treks. Underwater World – Walk through the clear glass tunnels running across the walkthrough aquarium to be mesmerized by the vibrant aquatic life around you. Pattaya Floating Market – Seen both as an attraction and a place for shopping, the floating market is a culmination of traditions and culture from all corners of Thailand. Traditional Thai food is offered by most merchants here when you visit their shops. Mimosa Pattaya – It is a new upcoming attraction and shopping area near Pattaya. The place provides a good and beautiful location for relaxation and is also a favorite haunt for photography. You will also find massage centers and cafes around here. Pattaya Park – A well-known tourist attraction known for its panoramic view which also offers activities to jump off the view point. Million-Year Stone Park and Crocodile Farm – One of the largest farms housing crocodiles and rare animals like albinos, it is all set among a beautifully landscaped flower and rock garden. You also get to come close and play with the animals here. Khao Chi Chan – It is a sculpture erected in the honor of his Majesty King Bhumibol during the 50th anniversary of his ruling. The sitting figure called Pang Man Wichai is over 100 meters high. Shopping in Pattaya A favorite pastime among tourists and locals alike, it is easy to go to Pattaya without any luggage, but impossible to leave without extra baggage. You have numerous shopping malls along the beach road and you can get anything under the sun here, from handicrafts and souvenirs, to counterfeit goods and cheap ‘made in china’ clothes. You can buy literally anything here with some cash and credit cards and at considerably cheaper rates than your home country. Few of the top areas to shop in Pattaya are: The Avenue – Known for the best life style and sportswear stores, it also has an 8 screen multiplex and numerous restaurants and eateries. Royal Garden Plaza – You cannot miss this building because of the red airplane sticking out of the building. It is known for its chain stores eateries and the Ripley’s Believe It or Not! Museum. Walking Street – with only pedestrian access, this street sells antiques, souvenirs and jewelry. The main attractions here in terms of shopping are the custom tailor shops which would make clothes are cheap rates. Pattaya Floating Market – This is the place to visit for items that are culturally and traditionally from all corners of Thailand. Buy the local produce or savor the local delicacies at the local merchants, Street Shopping – It is here that you will get tacky good and beach wear all across Pattaya. You would also get a wide array of goods which could traverse the likes of surf shorts, fake football shirts, flick-knives, bikinis, Buddha statues, ethnic crafts, hardcore porn DVDs, rude T-shirts, and even stun guns and Samurai swords. How to reach Pattaya Land – Bus – You have bus service running between Bangkok and Pattaya all day at regular intervals. Train – One train travels daily between Bangkok and Pattaya. Car Pattaya is just about 150 km from Bangkok and transit time would not exceed two hours. You can rent cars after reaching SuvarnabhumiAirport in Bangkok and head to Pattaya by road. Air – U-Tapao-Rayong-Pattaya International Airport – You have good connectivity with major cities in Asia and other parts of the world. You can take mini buses or airport shuttle taxis from the airport to the main city. Alternatively you can also transit through Suvarnabhumi Airport or the Don Muang Airport, in Bangkok and travel by road to Pattaya. How to get around in Pattaya Songthaew – These are the main public mode of transport here. Blue in color and basically pickup trucks converted to buses. They are also called Bhat Buses. Cost varies from 5 to 10 Baht depending on your travel time and destination. Beach Bus – The Beach Bus basically runs a circular route across the Pattaya coastline. The ticket costs around 30 baht. Motosai (Motorcycle Taxi) – One of the fastest ways to get around the city is on two wheelers. You can hail them at any of the Motosai Stands scattered around the city or even flag one down that is passing by. Potentially cheaper than Songthaew, however not safe as the drivers are pretty reckless. Taxi – Even though metered taxis are a common sight around Pattaya, none of them want to go as per the meter. Most of them are from Bangkok who come to drop travelers off to Pattaya and stay back to get a good fare. They are a lot more expensive than Songthaews. Rentals – You can rent four wheelers and two wheelers all across the city and you also have some of the popular rentals around the world serving here. However be aware of the traffic here as they can get very erratic and confusing. Top Areas in Pattaya Central Pattaya – You will find the highest concentration of hotels here. Accommodation is cheap and all places you would like to visit are a stone’s throw from here. But the place can feel congested and claustrophobic for many. Jomtien Beach – Located around 3kms south of Pattaya, this is one of the cleanest beaches in this region. It is a 6km long beach which has the Beach Road running along the shore. Families prefer this location in Pattaya as it is a bit sobered down when compared to Pattaya Beach. Most of the mid-range accommodation can be found here. Pattaya Beach – It is a crescent shaped beach, roughly 4km long and has the Beach Road running along with it. Most of the higher end accommodation options can be found around here. Phra Tamnak Hill It is a small hill between South Pattaya and Jomtien Beach which provides a spectacular panoramic view of the crescent shaped bay. You can find plenty of mid-range accommodation here. South Pattaya – You will find a lot of cheap accommodation options here. It lies on the way to Jomtien Beach from Pattaya. Naklua Beach – If you are looking a clean secluded beach with luxurious accommodation, this is the place to head to. You have a lot of 3, 4 and 5 star hotels around here. Koh Larn – It is a 4km long island off the coast of Pattaya. It is around 8km away from the mainland and it takes about 40 minutes to reach there. Accommodation around here is cheap. Khaup Kun (Thank you in Thai)!!

The Most Successful Absolute Monarch in Europe was Louis XIV of France

Of all the absolute rulers in Europe, by far the best example of one, and the most powerful, was Louis XIV of France. Although Louis had some failures, he also had many successes. He controlled France’s money and had many different ways to get, as well as keep his power, and he knew how to delegate jobs to smart, but loyal people. According to the text book, an absolute monarch is a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society (McDougall little, 1045). In more simple terms, it is a ruler who can do just about anything without having to get permission from anyone, or having to worry about the repercussions. This was a trend that started in the 1600’s by European leaders who were rich, and didn’t like to be told what to do. These conflicts arose with the States-General in France, or Parliament in England who had substantial control. The first countries to have absolute rulers were the traditionally strong countries, such as England, Spain, and of course Louis XIV’s France. In order to gain the power he desired as an absolute monarch, Louis used a few key techniques that were very successful. His first and most necessary step to get all control was to take all of the nobles’ power, and make it so they were completely under his control. He first did this by taking the nobles’ positions of power, and either getting rid of them by doing it himself, or giving the jobs to loyal middleclass or some nobles who were completely loyal and under his control. Louis had very simple reasoning for doing this, which was that if the nobles had any power or control, they would have a better chance of overthrowing him, and that since there can only be so much total power, the more they had, the less ... ...s was from a military stand point, which was rare for him. In 1667, Louis attacked a portion of the Netherlands that was owned by the Spanish. This resulted in the gaining of 12 towns, which encouraged Louis to attack the Dutch Netherlands, which did gain him a few wealthy port towns, before ending in disaster. Louis’ last great success was the building of the Palace of Versailles, which as described earlier was a feat never before matched by a ruler. Of all the absolute rulers in European history, Louis XIV of France was the most powerful, and the best example because of his successes, being able to continue his complete control even after failures, his ability to be able to use France’s money in any way he wanted, such as the Place of Versailles, taking away the nobles power, and his ability to delegate impotant jobs to smart yet loyal people.

Characterization In The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers fc

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804. After his graduation from Bowdoin College in Maine, he quickly became a well-known author of literary tales concerning early American life. Between 1825 and 1850, he developed his talent by writing short fiction, and he gained international fame for his fictional novel The Scarlet Letter in 1850 (Clendenning 118). Rufus Wilmot Griswold stated,The frivolous costume and brisk action of the story of fashionable life are easily depicted by the practised sketcher, but a work like "The Scarlet Letter" comes slowly upon the canvas, where passions are commingled and overlaid with the masterly elaboration with which the grandest effects are produced in pictural composition and coloring. (Griswold 352)Throughout the novel, Hawthorne reveals character through the use of imagery and metaphor.In the first Chapter of The Scarlet Letter, "The Prison-Door", the reader is immediately introduced to the people of Puritan Boston. Hawthorne begins to develop the character of the common people in order to build the mood of the story. The first sentence begins, "A throng of bearded men, in sad-colored garments and gray, steeple-crowned hats, intermixed with women, some wearing hoods, and others bareheaded, was assembled in front of a wooden edifice, the door of which was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron spikes" (Hawthorne 45). Hawthorne's use of vivid visual images and his Aaccumulation of emotionally weighted details" (Baym xii) creates sympathy for the not yet introduced character, Hester Prynne, and creates an immediate understanding of the harshness of the Puritanic code in the people. The images created give the freedom to imagine whatever entails sadness and morbidity of character for the reader; Hawthorne does not, however, allow the reader to imagine lenient or cheerful people.Nathaniel Hawthorne's eloquent contrast of the jail and its captive, Hester Prynne, also creates a sympathy for the emerging prisoner. The "ugly edifice...was already marked with weather-stains and other indications of age, which gave a yet darker aspect to its beetle-browned and gloomy front" (Hawthorne 45). The depiction of the jail emphasizes its ugliness, and the mental pictures formed in the mind of the reader suggest an aspect of gloom and suffering. However, Hester Prynne's initial description brightly contrasts the jail's. Hester "was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance...she had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off sunshine with a gleam" (50). Her face was "beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion" (50).