Occupational Therapy Efficacy After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

This meta analysis of the referenced surveies aim to measure efficaciousness of occupational therapy: whether it focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot and to cognize does.Occupational therapy aims to assist people make their maximal degree of map and independency in all facets of day-to-day life. Reviewing 07 surveies with 1178 participants, people who had a shot were more independent in personal activities of day-to-day life like feeding, dressing, bathing, toileting and traveling approximately and more likely to keep these abilities if they received intervention from an occupational healer after shot. Abstract ( around 200-250 words ) Aims A systematic reappraisal of surveies proving the effectivity of occupational therapy in station shot patient, focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot. Datas beginnings We searched EBSCOMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library ( 2000- 2010 ) . AMED: Choice standards Selection standards included surveies that used randomized controlled tests of an occupational therapy intercession compared to usual attention or no attention, where shot patients practiced personal activities of day-to-day life, or public presentation in activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercession. Review methods A meta-analysis, utilizing a random effects theoretical account, of 24 programmes identified in 19 tests. Effect sizes were adjusted by reverse discrepancy weights to command for surveies ‘ sample sizes.Findings.Main ConsequenceWe identified 64 potentially eligible tests and included nine surveies ( 1258 participants ) . Occupational therapy intercessions reduced the odds of a hapless result ( Peto odds ratio 0.67 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.51 to 0.87 ; P = 0.003 ) . and increased personal activity of day-to-day life tonss ( standardised mean difference 0.18 ( 95 % CI 0.04 to 0.32 ; P = 0.01 ) . For every 11 ( 95 % CI 7 to 30 ) patients having an occupational therapy intercession to ease personal activities of day-to-day life, one patient was spared a hapless result.DecisionsPatients who receive occupational therapy intercessions are less likely to deteriorate and are more likely to be independent in their ability to execute personal activities of day-to- day life. However, the exact nature of the occupational therapy intercession to accomplish maximal benefit demands to be defined..Chapter 1: Introduction:The overall purpose of this meta analysis was to measure the effectivity of OT in station shot patient. Extensive literature hunt was done by turn uping published shot rehabilitation direction intercession surveies that measured personal activities of day-to-day populating results among stroke patient. Datas were extracted from survey studies which included intercessions designed to better station shot activities of patient. From WHO ‘s study of planetary load of shot it was found that Worldwide 15 1000000s people suffer a shot yearly. 5milloin of these dices and another 5 million are left for good disabled, doing load on household and community. High blood force per unit area and baccy usage are considered as a major hazard factor for shot ( WHO, 2010 ) . The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Stroke as â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † ( WHO, 1978 ) . The causes of shot can be classified as: IschaemicA cause: blood supply to encephalon stopped due to formation of blood coagulum. It causes 70 % of all instances. Haemorrhagic: A encephalon harm caused due to spliting of blood vas which supply blood to encephalon There is besides a related status known as aA transient ischemic attackA ( TIA ) , which affect 35 people per 100,000 of population each twelvemonth and is associated with a really high hazard of shot in the first month of event upto one twelvemonth ( Coull, et al. , 2004 ) . In transeunt ischaemic onslaught the blood supply to the encephalon is temporarily interrupted due to inadequate intellectual or optic blood supply which is due to low blood flow, thrombosis or intercalation. Symptoms last for less than 24hours doing a kind of ‘mini-stroke ‘ ( Hankey and Warlow, 1994 ) . The hazard of decease due to stroke depends on its type like TIA has the best result whereas obstruction of an arteria is more unsafe, with rupture of blood vass. It has found that even if state is holding progress engineering and installations 60 % people die or become dependent doing high cost of intervention ( WHO, 2010 ) . Those of Afro-Caribbean beginning are at increased hazard of holding a shot, and the figure of people affected by the status is higher among this cultural group than any other. This is because people of Afro-Caribbean beginning have a familial sensitivity ( a natural inclination ) to developing diabetes and bosom disease, which are two conditions that can do shots. Ischaemic shots occur when blood coagulums block the flow of blood to the encephalon. Blood coagulums typically form in countries where the arterias have been narrowed or blocked by fatty cholesterol-containing sedimentations known as plaques. This narrowing of the arterias is known asA coronary artery disease. As the age progresss, our arterias become narrower, but certain hazard factors can perilously speed up the procedure. Hazard factors include: smoke, high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , fleshiness, high cholesterin degrees ( frequently caused by a high-fat diet ) , and a household history of bosom disease or diabetes. Diabetess is besides a hazard factor, peculiarly if it is ill controlled, because the extra glucose in the blood can damage the arterias. Haemorrhagic shots occur when a blood vas in the encephalon explosions. The chief cause of this is high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , which can weaken the arterias in the encephalon and do them prone to divide or tear. The hazard factors for high blood force per unit area include: being overweight, imbibing inordinate sums of intoxicant, smoke, a deficiency of exercising, and emphasis, which may do a impermanent rise in blood force per unit area. A individual ‘s cultural group can besides be a hazard factor for high blood force per unit area. One-half of all people of black-African or Caribbean beginning who are over 40 old ages of age are likely to hold high blood force per unit area. Research has suggested this is because people of African beginning have an increased sensitiveness to the effects of salt, which can do their blood force per unit area to lift. A hemorrhagic shot can besides sometimes occur as a consequence of a traumatic caput hurt ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Every twelvemonth, an estimated 150,000 people in the UK have a shot. That is one individual every five proceedingss ( Office of National Statistics, 2001 ) .The encephalon harm caused by shots agencies that they are the largest cause of grownup disablement in the UK. Peoples who are over 65 old ages of age are most at hazard from holding shots, although 25 % of shots occur in people who are under 65 old ages of age. It is besides possible for kids to hold shots ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Around 1000 people under 30 have a shot each twelvemonth. Stroke can ensue in many different disablements runing from motor control and urinary incontinency to depression and memory loss. Disablement has been conceptualized by the universe wellness organisation in footings organ disfunction ( damages ) , disablement ( trouble with undertaking ) , and disability ( societal disadvantage ) ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . The analysis of cost of unwellness of shot by Saka et Al ( 2009 ) has found that shot has greater impact on economic system of UK, as intervention of and productivity loss originating due to stroke cost ?8.9 billion a twelvemonth. In which intervention cost is about 5 % of entire UK NHS costs. Direct attention including diagnosing, inmate attention and outpatient attention histories for about 50 % of the sum, informal attention costs 27 % and the indirect costs that is cost ensuing from premature decease due to stroke is 24 % . This survey concluded that chronic stage of shot is most dearly-won and hence suggested better apprehension of long-run attention in footings of its effectivity and cost-effectiveness is necessary. Due to stroke one side of the organic structure may be paralyzed or the musculuss on the affected side may weaken. After shot intervention is comprise of attention and rehabilitation ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . During the period of acute inmate attention, patient will have rehabilitation and attention input from a assortment of qualified and unqualified nursing and allied wellness staff. It is hence of import that all staff should be familiar with the effects of shot, and able to efficaciously pull off jobs associating to stroke suitably within their functions. The effects of shot are manifold ; every bit good as the more seeable physical jobs ; stroke subsisters will probably hold a figure of emotional, cognitive, and communicating jobs ( Ross et al, 2009 ) Research shows that patients benefit from intervention in stroke units in the ague and rehabilitation stages ( Indredavik, 2008 ) . Rehabilitation is the procedure of get the better ofing or larning to get by with the harm the shot has caused. It is about acquiring back to normal life and accomplishing the best degree of independency by: relearning accomplishments and abilities ; larning new accomplishments ; accommodating to some of the restrictions caused by a shot ; and happening societal, emotional and practical support at place and in the community. The benefits of shot rehabilitation bundles are good documented ( SUTC, 2000 ) but small is known about the efficaciousness of the assorted constituents of such intercessions. Rehabilitation requires multidisciplinary attack affecting healer ( physical healer, speech healer, and occupational healer ) , physicians, psychologist and societal workers. Occupational healer teaches the patient day-to-day life accomplishments and how to utilize populating AIDSs such as Walkers or bathroom grab bars ( shot rehabilitation, 2010 ) . After stroke life become hard due to disablement caused by it. shot have high morbidity rates which means that patient with shot suffer from both mental and physical disablement following shot. It is the taking cause of lower quality of life in grownups. Rehabilitation offers a opportunity to reconstruct quality of life after shot. Brain damaged caused due to stroke can non be healed but rehabilitation helps a patient in keeping bing abilities and supply scheme for managing disablements cause by shot. Stroke intervention depends on clip continuance after shot, hazard factor that may impact intervention. Depending on these factors stroke intervention include blood dilutant medicine which can fade out a blood coagulum, or encephalon surgery for rupture blood vas. Rehabilitation after shot Begins after acute intervention. It helps in relearning the accomplishments lost due to stroke and counterbalancing for disablement caused by shot. It stroke includes memory rehabilitation, linguistic communication rehabilitation and emotional rehabilitation, motor and centripetal control rehabilitation ( Healthtree, 2010 ) . Functional damage following acute unwellnesss -such as shot – often have terrible physical effects for grownup and older patients ( Desrosiers, 2003 ) . Occupational therapy is an indispensable constituent for the rehabilitation of handicapped patients, holding a broad scope of intercessions available to help individuals towards independency ( cup, 2003 ) . The end of occupational therapy is to reconstruct functional independency when possible and to ease psychosocial accommodation to residuary disablement ( Landi, 2006 ) . The doctrine of occupational therapy is founded on the construct of business as a cardinal component of wellness and wellbeing. Practice in societal attention services embraces the societal theoretical account of disablement and is based on holistic and person-centered attention, stressing the publicity of autonomy and resourcefulness ( College of Occupational Therapists, 2008 ) . The Occupational therapy is normally used in the station shot patients by an occupational healer with the specific purpose of easing personal activities of day-to-day life to better the results for patients following shot. Different tests have been conducted in different states to turn out the effectivity of occupational therapy but there is deficiency of grounds proposing that occupational therapy intercessions can cut down the likeliness of such impairment and better patients ‘ ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life. Therefore the purpose of this Meta analysis is to measure the efficaciousness of occupational therapy on shot rehabilitation. The chief purpose of occupational therapy ( OT ) is to keep, reconstruct or make a lucifer beneficial to the person between the abilities of the individual, the demands of his or her businesss and the demands of the environment ( Creek, 2003 ) Activity and engagement restrictions in shot typically diminish wellness and well-being As a consequence, betterment of functional abilities, betterment of engagement in society and an increased quality of life are of import results of OT intervention ( Steultjens, 2005 ) . Historically, several intervention attacks have been introduced and adopted by physical and occupational healers. The shot rehabilitation methods adopted by healers vary widely depending on their background cognition, clinical experience, clinical accomplishments, and personal penchants [ 6-9 ] . The handiness of a overplus of intervention methods shows that shot rehabilitation patterns are continually germinating. Previous surveies conducted in the United Kingdom used studies to find common intervention patterns in stroke rehabilitation among physical healers [ 10-11 ] . The consequence of the survey by Landi et Al. ( 2006 ) shows that patients with shot who received the combined plan of physical and occupational therapy had a greater degree of independency in activities of day-to-day life over a period of 8 hebdomads than patients who did non. It has been found from the Cochrane reappraisal of benefits of shot rehabilitation that it reduces about 22 % in decease or dependence and these benefits are more outstanding under and over 75 old ages of age, in both sexes. Length of infirmary stay is besides reduced due to early rehabilitation ( Scots intercollegiate guidelines web, 2002 ) . Stroke is a complex status where cognition base is continuously increasing. There is changeless progress in apprehension of the status, appraisal and intercession techniques. Occupational healers are a critical constituent in the rehabilitation of patient with this status ( Edmans, 2000 ) . Occupational healer work with persons who have conditions that are physically, mentally, developmentally, or emotionally disenabling. They help them develop, retrieve, keep day-to-day life and work accomplishments. The end of occupational healer is to assist their client have independent, fulfilling and productive lives ( Weeks and Zona, 2000 ) .Chapter 2: The Literature SearchChoice standards – brief description of the chief elements of the inquiry under consideration. This is subdivided into: Types of surveies – eg: RCT ‘s Types of participants – the population of involvement. This subdivision may include inside informations of diagnostic standards, if desired or appropriate. Types of intercessions – the chief intercession under consideration and any comparing interventions. Types of result steps – any result measures/endpoints ( for illustration, decrease in symptoms ) that are considered of import by the referee, defined in progress ; non merely outcome steps really used in tests.Definition of Occupational therapyWorld federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) define Occupational therapy as a profession concerned with advancing wellness and good being through business. The primary end of occupational therapy is to enable people to take part in the activities of mundane life. Occupational healers achieve this result by enabling people to make things that will heighten their ability to take part or by modifying the environment to better support engagement. The hunt scheme for systematic reappraisals of the efficaciousness of OT has identifies randomised test comparing occupational therapy with other intercession or no intercession. It has been done by seeking EBSCO host research database from 2000-2010. The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) . Fifty-three surveies were identified and abstracted. Four surveies reported entire haemorrhagic shot as the result, which includes intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage.4,7,10,11 None of the surveies reported information on subdural hemorrhagic shots. We have used the term hemorrhagic stroke throughout the article. Two studies consisted of the same instance patients but different controls and were treated as 2 separate surveies. 23,24 From the 53 surveies, 18 were farther excluded for assorted grounds. Two surveies were excluded because combined hazard estimations were reported for work forces and adult females but degrees of intoxicant ingestion were non the same for work forces as for women.49,50 We excluded 5 surveies that examined merely the consequence of orgy imbibing or acute intoxicant ingestion ( within 24 hours before shot ) 51-55 because our survey assessed accustomed intoxicant ingestion and comparative hazard of shot. Five surveies that lacked sufficient informations for computation of comparative hazard estimations were excluded.56-60 The staying 6 excluded studies did non utilize ascetics as the mention group.61-66 We included 19 cohort surveies and 16 instance control surveies in our concluding analysisTypes of surveiesThis survey included randomized controlled tests of shot patients having an occupational therapy intercession provided by an occupational healer. All of the selected surveies intend to better personal activities of day-to-day life compared to usual attention or no attention in station shot patient. If big randomized tests are impractical, we have to pull the most dependable decisions from smaller tests. Unfortunately, the conventional attack, the narrative reappraisal is undependable. Conventional reappraisal normally fails to specify the reappraisal inquiry, to guarantee that all relevant tests are explicitly based on the grounds. Systematic reappraisals set out to better upon narrative reappraisals by using scientific methods to the reappraisal of the research grounds ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) .Types of participants:This survey included the test if the participant of the survey met the clinical definition of shot as defined by WHO â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † . All of the included surveies have given clear inclusion standards. They include participant on the footing of clinical diagnosing, except Sa ckley et Al ( 2006 ) included occupants with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement by utilizing Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index mark ( BI score 4 to 15 inclusive ) . Participants with other acute unwellness are excluded from the surveies.Types of intercession:In this survey tests are include if they have following characteristics: aˆ? Occupational therapy intercession which specially focused on activities of day-to-day life and tried to better their personal activities of day-to-day life. aˆ? The tests are included in which control group receives normal attention or no intercession. aˆ? Interventions are provided under the supervising of qualified occupational healer. The survey by Sackley et Al ( 2006 ) has developed an intercession by utilizing bing grounds with the aid of a group of adept occupational healers delivered on single degree. The period of intercession was three month which include occupational therapy and carer instruction, wherasINCLUSION CRITEIA:Researcher included surveies that used randomized or controlled clinical designs, of an occupational therapy intercession, compared to usual attention or no attention. In which stroke patient ‘s public presentation in footings of activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercessionDatas beginningsSelected database is EBSCO host web research database this aggregation of databases provide entree to cardinal diaries, many holding links to full text diary articles. It contains assorted databases as follow: AMED British Nursing Index CINHAL plus with full text Medline with full text SocINDEX with full text The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) ( See Appendix 1 ) .Cardinal words or term used in literature huntKilowatts: Stroke in Title Rehabilitation in Abstract Randomised controlled trail in AbstractChoice standardsTime frame: 2000-2010 Randomized controlled test Language or national context: English linguistic communication merely Main focal point of paper: Stroke rehabilitation Peer reviewed diary merely National and international surveies.Types of result stepThe out come step are that reflected the alteration in personal activities of day-to-day life in shot patient after having occupational therapyPrimary result( 1 ) Performance in personal activities of day-to-day life ( pADL including: eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, simple mobility and transportations ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up. ( 2 ) Death or a hapless result. Death or a hapless result is defined as the combined result of being dead or: aˆ? holding deteriorated, characterised by sing a impairment in ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life ( that is, sing a bead in pADL mark ) ; or aˆ? being dependent, characterised by lying above or below a pre-defined cut-off point on a given pADL graduated table ; or aˆ? necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up.Secondary results of involvement( 1 ) Death at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 2 ) Number of patients dead or physically dependent at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 3 ) Number of patients dead or necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 4 ) Performance in drawn-out activities of day-to-day life ( community and domestic activities ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 5 ) Patient temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 6 ) Patient subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 7 ) Carer temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 8 ) Carer subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 9 ) Patient and carer satisfaction with services We aimed to enter results that reflected resource usage ( that is the figure of admittances to hospital, figure of yearss in infirmary, AIDSs and contraptions provided, figure of staff required per caseload ) . Search methods for designation of surveies See: ‘Specialized registry ‘ subdivision in Cochrane Stroke Group Occupational therapy Secondary resultExclusion Standards:Documents excluded from the reappraisal were plants that focused preponderantly upon: Stroke rehabilitation surveies before 2000. Which are non published surveies Which are other than English linguistic communicationResearch DesignA meta-analysis, by utilizing quantitative methods such as a random effects theoretical account, of 7 randomized controlled test identified literature hunt.Analysis of DatasResearcher will analyze binary results with a fixed-effect theoretical account, as odds ratios ( OR ) with 95 % assurance intervals ( CI ) . For uninterrupted results, a random-effects theoretical account will be used to take history of statistical heterogeneousness. As there is some heterogeneousness between the tests in footings of their design, continuance of follow up and choice standards for patients. Researcher will execute an purpose to handle analysis to cut down potentialA prejudices in footings of followup, publication, and describing prejudice associated withA pull outing informations from published studies. Publication prejudice will be assessed withA a rank correlativity trial and a funnel secret plan. Systematic reappraisals show that occupational therapy increases functional ability and/or societal engagement in aged people and in patients with shot or rheumatoid arthritis. For patients with progressive neurological diseases, intellectual paralysis or mental illnesses the efficaciousness of occupational therapy is still ill-defined because high-quality surveies are missing.Chapter 3 – MethodologyJustification of methodological attack – qualitative or quantitative Methods of the reappraisal – description of how surveies eligible for inclusion in the reappraisal were selected, how their quality was assessed, how informations were extracted from the surveies ( evaluated ) , how informations were analysed, whether any subgroups were studied or whether any sensitiveness analyses were carried out, A major challenge with shot rehabilitation is that the intercession itself is likely to be really complex and non uniform. Any intercession developed by healer or multidisciplinary squad will affect many constituents which may interact in different ways. It is likely that these intercessions may a mixture of both effectual and uneffective elements so it is of import that we are cognizant of variableness between the different tests and we explore this variableness when analysing the consequence ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) .Chapter 4 – The SurveiesDescription of surveies – how many surveies were found, what were their inclusion standards, how large were they, etc. ? Methodological quality of included surveies – were at that place any grounds to doubt the decisions of any surveies because of concerns about the survey quality?4.1 Features of included surveies:Features of included surveiesSurveyMethodParticipantsInterventionResultCindy 2004 HongKong Pretest and posttest randomized control test design -53 participants -Age: 55 old ages or older. -Mean age: 72.1 -With primary diagnosing of shot -Living at place Intervention group received extra home-based intercession in the usage of devices instantly after discharge, but the control group did non. Subjects were assessed by 1.Functional Independence Measure and 2. The Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology. Gilbertson, 2000. Glassgow Single blind randomised controlled test. -138 participants -Mean age: 71 -with clinical diagnosing of shot -were admitted to Glasgow royal hospital NHS trust were Intervention group received 6wk domiciliary programme and control group received included inmate multidisciplinary Rehabilitation. Subjects were assessed by 1.Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table 2. Barthel activities of day-to-day populating index. Landi, 2004 USA -50 Participants -Mean age: 78.3 – With primary diagnosing of ischaemic shot Intervention group received received 8 hebdomads of a combined rehabilitation plan based on occupational therapy and physical therapy received no input from the occupational healers Subjects were assessed by -MDS-PAC – ADL graduated table Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test. -168 participants -Mean age: 74 – clinical diagnosing of shot in old 36 months Intervention group received cusps with appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss by an occupational healer. Control group received cusps depicting local conveyance services for handicapped people -Postal questionnaires – Nottingham extended activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, Nottingham leisure questionnaire, and general wellness questionnaire. Parker,2000 United kingdom Multicentre randomized controlled test. -466 Participants -Mean age: 72 .Randomization was done in three groups. two intervention groups received occupational therapy intercessions at place for up to six months after enlisting. The General Health Questionnaire ( 12 point ) , the Nottingham Extended ADL Scale and the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test with hidden allotment and blinded appraisal. -168 Participants -Mean age:74 -patients with a clinical diagnosing of shot in the old 36 months Control group received one session consisting of advice, encouragement, and the proviso of cusps depicting local mobility services. intercession group received the cusps plus occupational therapy appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss for up to 3 months. Primary result was self-report, Secondary results were 1-self-report of the figure of journeys out-of-doorss in the past month, 2-Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, 3-Nottingham leisure questionnaire. 4-general wellness questionnaire. Sackley,2006 United kingdom bunch randomized controlled test -118 Participant -Residents with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement – Residents with acute unwellness and those admitted for end-of-life attention. Occupational therapy was provided to intervention group but included carer instruction. control group received usual attention 1-Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index ( BI ) tonss 2-Rivermead Mobility Index.Features of intercession included in surveyWriterSample sizeinterventincontrolconsentRandomization itemPutingCindy 2004 HongKongMeterFGilbertson, 2000. GlassgowMeterFLandi, 2004 USAMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFParker,2000 United kingdomMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFLogan,2004 United kingdomMeterFChapter 5 Findingss / ConsequencesWhat do the information show? The synthesis of consequences – thematic analysis or statistical analysis. Accompanied by a graph to demo a meta-analysis, if this was carried out.Chapter 6 – DiscussionInterpretation and appraisal of consequences.Chapter 7 – DecisionSubdivided into Deductions for pattern and Implications for research. Stroke patients who receive occupational therapy focused on personal activities of day-to-day life, as opposed to no everyday occupational therapy, are more likely to be independent in those activities. Restrictions of the survey It is hard to plan and carry on high quality clinical tests of rehabilitation. First, the cover of therapies from patient and healer is hard, therefore allowing the debut of prejudice, peculiarly when the individual supplying the intercession is besides the individual making the research, as is the instance with many of the surveies in this reappraisal. Second, while usual or standard attention is recognised as an appropriate control, this may include intercessions that promote activities, which potentially reduces the estimation of the intercession effect.21 Third, it is more hard to obtain credence of randomization in an inmate scene, peculiarly where an occupational therapy service is already established. We excluded four tests that compared one occupational therapy intercession within an active concurrent control arm provided in inpatient scenes as they did non supply an unconfounded estimation of effect.w1-w4 Finally, tests of rehabilitation intercessions typically have drawn-ou t follow-up periods with a hazard of survey dropout. This makes executing a true purpose to handle analysis with complex tonss such as the Barthel index problematic as it is hard to hit for losing participants. Despite these possible concerns, nevertheless, the quality of the included tests was by and large good and the consequences were consistent between tests. Occupational therapy is a complex intercession. Practice includes skilled observation ; the usage of standardized and non-standardised appraisals of the biological, psychiatric, societal, and environmental determiners of wellness ; elucidation of the job ; preparation of individualized intervention ends ; and the bringing of a set of individualized job work outing intercessions. While we are confident that all the intercessions in this reappraisal were consistent with this wide construct of occupational therapy, we recognise that the exact nature of the intercessions in each survey differed harmonizing to the type of patient, the expertness of the healer, and the resources available. The intercessions tested were likely provided by experts and non peculiarly constrained by twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours service factors. Our reappraisal did non compare occupational therapy with alternate rehabilitation intercessions, nor did it analyze the consequence of occupational therapy c ombined with other intercessions.Reference List of Included Studies:Chiu, W. , Y. and Man, D. W. K. , 2004. The consequence of developing older grownups with shot to utilize home-based assistive devices. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Gilbertson, L. , et al. , 2000. Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with shots discharged from infirmary: a randomized controlled test. BMJ [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Francesco, L. , et al. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Logan, P. , et al. , 2004 Randomised controlled test of an occupational therapy intercession to increase out-of-door mobility after shot [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Parker, C. , J. et al. , 2001. A multicentre randomized controlled test of leisure therapy and conventional occupational therapy after shot. Clinical Rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Sackley, C. , M. et al. , 2004. Occupational therapy in nursing and residential attention scenes: a description of a randomised controlled test intercession. British Journal of Occupational Therapy [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Walker, M. , F. et al.,1999. Occupational therapy for shot patients non admitted to infirmary: a randomized controlled test [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ]REFRENCE LISTAdamson, J. , Beswick, A. , Ebrahim, S. 2004. Is stroke the most common cause of disablement. 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Population base survey of early hazard of shot after transeunt ischemic onslaught or minor strpke: deductions for public instruction and administration of services. British Medical Journal [ Online ] Cup EH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Thijssen MC, van Kuyk-Minis MA: Dependability and cogency of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in shot patients. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 402-409 Desrosiers J, Malouin F, Bourbonnais D, Richards CL, Rochette A, Bravo G: Arm and leg damages and disablements after shot rehabilitation: relation to disable. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 666-673 D'Souza, A. , et al. , 2002. Probiotics in bar of antibiotic associated diarrhea: meta analysis. Edmans, J. , 2000. Occupational Therapy and Stroke [ Onlone ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amazon.co.uk/Occupational-Therapy-Stroke-Judi-Edmans/dp/1861561989 [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Egger, M. , Davey, S. , and Altman, D. , ( explosive detection systems ) . Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books, Glasziou, Paul, 2001. Systematic reappraisals in wellness attention: Apractical usher. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press Gresham, G. , Duncan, P. and Statson, W. , 1995. Prioritie for future research, Clinical pattern guidelines figure 18. US section of wellness and human services, Agency for wellness attention policy and reseaech, Rockwell, Maryland, AHCPR publication Hankey, G. , and Warlow, C. 1994.Transient ischemic onslaughts of the encephalon and oculus. London: WB Saunders. Healthtree, 2010. Stroke rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthtree.com [ Accessed twentieth September 10 ] Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl S, Rokseth R, Haheim L. Stroke unit intervention improves long-run quality of life: a randomized controlled test. Stroke1998 ; 29: 895-9. Landi, F. , at el. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients Gerontology 2006 ; 52:85-91 Langhorne, Peter, D. , Martin, 2008. Stroke Unit of measurements: An grounds based attack John Wiley & A ; Sons, Ltd NHS Choices, 2008. Stroke [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Complications.aspx [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Office of National Statistics, 2001. Stroke incidence and hazard factor in a population based cohort survey. Health statistics quarterly [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/article.asp? ID=1512 & A ; Pos=8 & A ; ColRank= [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Ross, J. Barton, J. , and Read, J. 2009. Staff in-service preparation on post-stroke psychological and communicating issues Sakai, O. , Mcguire, A. and Wolfe, C. Cost of shot in the United Kingdom [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/1/27.full.pdf+html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Scots intercollegiate Guideline Network, 2002. Management of patients with shot: Rehabilitation, bar and direction of complication, and discharge planning. A national clinical guideline [ Online ] Available at: www.sign.ac.uk [ Accessed thirtieth September 10 ] Steultjens EMJ, Dekker J, Bouter Leemirjise, Cornelia, H. M. , 2006. Evidence of the efficaciousness of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reappraisals Stroke rehabilitation, 2008 Available at: www.stroke.org.uk [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] [ SUTC ] Stroke Unit Trialists ‘ Collaboration. Organised inmate ( stroke unit ) attention for shot. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000197.html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Walker, M. , et al. , 2004. Individual Patient Data Meta Analysis of Randomised Controlled Tests of Community Occupational Therapy for Stroke Patient. Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/9/2226 [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . Weeks, R. , 2000. Opportunities in Occupational Therapy Careers. USA: N T C/Contemporary Publishing Company Wolfe, A. , Tilling, K. , and Rudd, A. , G. 2000. The effectivity of community based rehabilitation for shot patients who remain at place: a pilot randomized test. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000 World federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) Definition [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wfot.com/office_files/final % 20definitioncm20042.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 1978. Cerebrovascular Disorder: A Clinical and Research Classification. Geneva. World Health Organisation. Offset publication [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 2010. Cardiovascular Disease: Death from shot [ Omline ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 2nd September 10 ] . 6. Nilsson LM, Nordholm LA. Physical therapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Swedish physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1992 ; 8 ( 1 ) :49-55. 7. Carr JH, Mungovan SF, Shepherd RB, Dean CM, Nordholm LA. Physiotherapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Australian physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1994 ; 10 ( 4 ) :201-9. 8.Sackley CM, Lincoln NB. Physiotherapy intervention for shot patients: A study of current pattern. Physiother Theory Pract. 1996 ; 12 ( 2 ) :87-96. 9. DeGangi GA, Royeen CB. Current pattern among Neuro Developmental Treatment Association members. Am J Occup Ther. 1994 ; 48 ( 9 ) :803-9. [ PMID: 7526690 ] 10. Lennon S. Physiotherapy pattern in shot rehabilitation: A study. Disabil Rehabil. 2003 ; 25 ( 9 ) :455-61. [ PMID: 12745940 ] 11. Lennon S, Baxter D, Ashburn A. Physiotherapy based on the Bobath construct in shot rehabilitation: A study within the UK. D HL4066 Meta Analysis Practical This is a ego directed survey and practical. It gives the chance to rehearse meta analysis accomplishments which may be utile if you decide to utilize that methodological analysis in your concluding thesis. Read the information on Wolf in the meta analysis booklet Decide on a subject that you would wish to look into, place a research inquiry ( note this does non hold to be an original inquiry but it may assist your thesis and profileif it was Determine your hunt standards Determine your inclusion standards What type of informations will you pull out? Design a information extraction signifier Carry out a hunt, using your key words and inclusion standards Identify between 4 and 10 surveies to include in your meta analysis Decide what package you will utilize and obtain a transcript either by purchase, download or Cadmium from a book Extract your informations utilizing the information extraction signifier you have designed Input your informations to your package Trial for heterogeneousness Decide what theoretical account you are traveling to utilize based on the consequence of the heterogeneousness trial Carry out the analysis Trial for prejudice Meta Analysis Resources Cochrane Handbook 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-handbook.org/ The Cochrane Collaboration Open Learning Material hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-net.org/openlearning/HTML/mod0-3.htm Leandro, G ( 2005 ) Meta-analysis in Medical Research: The enchiridion for the apprehension and pattern of meta-analysis. BMJ Books Easy to read book with Meta analysis package Software A figure of commercial and free packages are available. Below is a choice but hunt cyberspace for more. Meta analysis 5.3 written by Ralph Schwarzer hypertext transfer protocol: //userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/meta_e.htm MIX 1.7 Can be used with Excel hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mix-for-meta-analysis.info/ Stat pages reviews a figure of free packages hypertext transfer protocol: //statpages.org/javasta2.html Revman hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cc-ims.net/revman Interpret your resultsisabil Rehabil. 2001 ; 23 ( 6 ) :254-62. Researcher ID is: F-7307-2010 ( for rahila )

“Girl” by Jamaica Kincaid Essay

In the short story â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid the author gives a perspective of the relationship between a strict mother and her young daughter. Jamaica Kincaid wrote series of sentences that sets the tone of the story to be uptight, oppressive, and informative. The author described her daughter into becoming a ‘slut’ which tells the readers that the mother is worried and is disapproving of her daughters actions. Others might think that the story is only about the daughter repeating what her mother tells her to do but it really it’s the perspective of the mother trying to prevent her daughter from becoming a ‘slut’ and changing her to become a lady. Although others may think otherwise that the character who plays girl, is in fact making a mockery of her mother’s commands. In theory people may say that the mother repeated herself so often about her daughter’s behavior and teaching her how to do her responsibilities correctly th at the daughter have memorized her mother’s lectures and began to repeat them to herself to show rebellion against these tasks. With the attention to the dialogue, shows the mother lecturing her daughter. In the beginning the author wrote â€Å"but I don’t sing benna on Sundays† (line 7) in an italicized format giving the idea that someone, in this case the daughter, is responding to her mother’s lecturing trying to defend herself. This goes to show that the poem is in fact a conversation held by a mother and a young girl with disapproving behaviors causing her mother to scold those unacceptable behaviors. Throughout the poem lists a few teachings into having a good behavior and proper manners. There are specific ways the mother instructed her daughter to do her chores. For example, â€Å"this is how you smile to someone you don’t like† (line),†this is how to set a table for dinner†, and â€Å"this is how to bully a man†. The lists goes on and I can relate to these rules. My mother taught me the importance of discipline throughout my whole life teaching me right from wrong and telling me to do chores and teaching me how to do things on my own since I was now becoming a young adult. Mothers have many different parenting ways to teach their own daughter how to become a lady and most  will teach their daughters by the mistakes they’ve made in the past or by the experience of their mothers giving the same lecture to them when they were coming up into the teenage years. Jamaica Kincaid based this short story on her life growing up as a child. Kincaid and her mother was very close until her three brothers were born. After that Kincaid and her mother grew apart and her mother became more intense and more demanding towards her daughter to become a lady. In conclusion the poem â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid is the self-reflection of kincaids early life. She described her life as being very controlled by her mother and being judged of becoming a ‘slut’.

Sports Day Event 'Give It a Go' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sports Day Event 'Give It a Go' - Essay Example Aims and Objectives Engaging students in sports events in order to bring the best in them making them Good leaders, Team builders and discipliners. To promote healthy competition amongst students of the Childwall Valley Primary school (Lang-8 2011). A good psychological and physical health for students To encourage interaction (communication skills) between the students and Parents so they can learn from one another (Bigelow, Moroney and Hall 2001). Work plan of Event The event requires extensive preplanning, which is not possible with the help of the School staff as well as Students. For the success of the event the Sports Instructor of the Childwall Valley Primary School will be given the task of short listing students participating in the event and under which aspect will they be participating (Gomez 2011). The heads of departments need to be patient with allocating some time from their classes during the last two weeks of the Sports Event. Parent volunteering is welcomed and high ly respected for the event. The event will have an opening ceremony, gymnastics and cheer leading squad, field sports, relay races, tug of war and event ceremony with prize distribution (Lang-8 2011). Persons in charge of event Responsibility Name Head of Sports Event Daniel Roffman (Sports instructor) Speaker and Disciplinary head at Event Rachel Mike Gymnastics and Cheerleading Kathrine Jones Field Sport Rohit Adwalia and Hilton John Drinks and Food Parent Volunteers Nurse Kamila Scott Score Board (Spectator) High School Volunteers Award and Closing ceremony Rachel Fo (Director) (Merriam Webster 2012 ) Equipment Required Equipment Required Whistles Boundary Ropes Hurdle Exercise Mats Microphone and Speakers Baseball kit Cricket kit Basketball Nets kit Soccer Goals and kit Stop watch Relay sticks Score board Trophy and prize distribution gifts (Sports Equipemnet Supplies 2012) Explanation of Event The event will take place in the premises of the Child Valley Primary School’s Playground. This option was feasible and convenient as it is economical and will avoid transport issues for students and teachers. The School bus will pick students from the bus stop for the event at nine in the morning. The organizers of the event will be in school from seven in the morning preparing for the event. Safety is the most important aspect for this event. Therefore, the school Medical nurse will be available at the ground at all times during the event (Omelianovych 2010). The event will start at 10 in the morning with the Opening Ceremony and the settling of the students with energy drinks and water bottles. Then, the cheer leading squad and gymnasts will perform their exercised performance. Shortly after this, the races and rallies will take place around the ground with the help of the sports instructor and parent volunteers. The high school students will maintain a Scoreboard throughout the event for the avoiding confusion at the end of the ceremony (Omelianovych 2010 ). The Baseball, Basketball, Cricket and Soccer will be played in the teams made during practices for the event. After the last game of Soccer students will be given a break of twenty minutes to rest and change. The ending ceremony will take half an hour with the awards being trophies, medals and certificates for volunteers (NSW Department of Planning 2009

The use of DDT has been banned in the United States because of Essay

The use of DDT has been banned in the United States because of environmental damage and human health concerns. However, in malar - Essay Example (Hayes & Laws, 1991). â€Å"Estimated lethal dose for man is 500 mg/kg and in kerosene solution it’s 150 mg/kg. Woodward et al. (1944) have stated the accepted acute mean lethal dose in rats as 250 mg/kg and Gosselin et al. (1984) has mentioned that the same amount would also be fatal for human beings. Baselt (1982) has stated that DDT is comparatively alright with a lethal dose of 30 g in an adult. â€Å"Exposure to an aerosol mist containing 80 mg DDT in a room of 113 m3 on five consecutive days for two hours two times a day showed no evidence of toxic effects†. (DDT, 1990) Studies have also revealed that the young are at no greater risk than adults. The four phases of the disposition of a toxic compound to estimate its toxicity are absorption through membranes in a system, the distribution throughout the system, the excretion and elimination from the system and finally, the metabolic fate of the chemical. Absorption happens from the gastrointestinal tract and throug h inhalation. DDT can also be taken in by intact skin in oily solution. DDT gets distributed in the body and primarily affects the central nervous system causing irritability. Violent agitations might also take place but is less common than with other organ chlorine pesticides. DDT tends to get accumulated in fatty tissues along with metabolites DDD and DDE. It also gets converted to DDA and dispatched through urine. Breathing in fine DDT aerosol or dust can cause problems for the nose, throat and eyes (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Formulations of DDT dissolved in a solvent is also known to cause temporary dermatitis. In most cases, the effect is attributable to the solvent and not DDT itself. Increased urinary excretion of the more polar metabolites is generally compensated for by increased steroid biosynthesis (Gosselin et al. , 1984). ). The effects of DDT on the respiratory system are only minor compared to the effects that it has on the nervous system. Heightened salivation has been ob served in persons who consumed DDT-infested food (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Apart from vomiting, the gastrointestinal system is hardly affected in cases of extreme poisoning and Renal damage has also been observed in people to some extent. Types of Exposure and Responses associated with DDT: Food is the primary way in which the population gets exposed to DDT. And â€Å"due to its low biodegradability and high lyophilise properties, small amounts of DDT are found to have accumulated in adipose tissue. DDT tends to get stored to a lesser extent in other tissue and this amount is proportional to their neutral fat content.†(Data Sheet on Pesticides, 1976, 2.2) Almost 5000 tonnes of DDT is used every year for the control of vector-borne diseases, primarily for malaria and visceral leishmaniasis control. DDT is acknowledged as a persistent organic pollutant(POP). It gets stored in the fatty tissue of animals and humans, makes its way up the food chain and is found in high concentrations in human breast milk(biomagnification). Populations in areas close to countries which make use of DDT and in temperate regions can be indirectly affected by long-range atmospheric transport so that DDT may contaminate environments far from where it is used. Large exposures can result in vomiting. â€Å"The earliest symptoms include par aesthesia of the tongue, dizziness, tremors and vomiting. It is generally believed that long exposure to DDT and its main metabolic product DDE

Data Collection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Collection - Assignment Example It is worth mentioning that the various tools used in a qualitative research method are flexible and accordingly, help in finding out detailed information related to the research problem. Apart from this, inductive research method is also been followed in order to collect necessary and relevant data that denotes the approaches of Inmate Health Care and the problems underlying within the same (Northeastern University, n.d.). It is worth mentioning that the data relating to the contributory factors and the problems, which generate severe problems in smooth functioning of Inmate Health Care approach, has been collected. The data, which has been gathered from the use of secondary source, presented the contributory factors including the impact of economic recession and excessive treatment costs that created problems in effective functioning of the aforesaid approach. Apart from this, relevant data was also collected about the pervasiveness of varied chronic diseases that affect the healthcare of the inmates. The data revealed such chronic diseases to be sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV and AIDS among others. In addition, the turbulent financial conditions are also a major problem, which impose adverse impact on the system of offering effective care to the inmates. Justifiably, the collected or researched data revealed that the prisoners often cannot afford the treatment cost and thus get released w ithout treatment (Miller, 2010). In relation to the above context, data has also been researched or collected about how the quality of inmate healthcare can be raised with the eradication of the above discussed problems. In this similar context, the data showcased that the introduction of information and technology might enhance the quality of the inmate healthcare system with evading the underlying problems by a considerable level, thereby diminishing the involved operational costs. From the

Robert Gross - The Minute Men and their World Essay

Robert Gross - The Minute Men and their World - Essay Example He overall provides a stirring view of late eighteenth century New England on the cusp of revolution and freedom. In Concord town politics, though the inhabitants denied it, were as usual. Voting rights were severely restricted and limited the number of men eligible for town leadership. Wealth and leisure time further diminished the pool. Only those with enough of both were able to rise to serve the needs of their fellow men sufficiently. Money and position piled on top of place to complicate life. As a thriving center of commerce, Concord hosted both a bustling town business center and a sprawling farmland. Conflicts between urban and rural inhabitants over basic infrastructure needs excited the assemblies on a regular basis. Schooling, religion, and roads all served a different constituency and for them all to be centered in town was seen as a disservice to the rural community who â€Å"had to walk into town in everyday stockings and shoes then for the sake of appearances top in a field and change into their go-to-meeting slippers.†1 Church itself posed a mighty challenge to the unity of Concord’s inhabitants. During the Great Awakening a new preacher ignited fervor among the young and vital in town. His bowing to the interests of youth to fill pews offended the staunch faithful and, somewhat along geographical lines, they broke off to form a second parish. When a new, young preacher replaced the first, a spendthrift schemer, one of the old timers, sought membership in the original parish. His questionable ethics toward his fellow Concordians led to his rejection by the congregation. By extension the outlying parish took this to heart and read into it a refusal to consider reconciliation. Then the same man took his grievances to the political realm and again lost. Concord was indeed a town divided. While the inhabitants of Concord simmered in their own stew of religious discord the colonies entered a period of contention with mother England. The Stamp Act triggered a wave of protests across the colonies and in Boston, party faithfuls organized a vote to recognize Parliament’s actions. When the vote came through it was barely shy of the necessary numbers to pass and demonstrate Massachusetts’ loyalty to the crown. A bitter disappointment to Governor Hutchinson, surely, but one that triggered a wave of political backlash. Much like today’s Tea Party, farmers and businessmen who saw their interests hindered by England’s acts of taxation, mounted an ideological revolt. They organized a revolution at the polls and saw to it that nineteen of thirty-two representatives to Boston were replaced for their efforts of royalist loyalty. In Concord, little interest sparked at the events plaguing the colony. When the vote came to replace their own man, Charles Prescott, they safely returned him to his role. Their concerns lay more in the sixty-six pound expense of burying the Great Awaking pastor, Reverend Dan iel Bliss, and in finding his replacement than in subverting England’s fiscal policy toward the colonies. When the Boston Massacre rent headlines, Concord barely paused to comment. Of greater import a debate about relocating the Middlesex County seat from Cambridge to Concord. A matter of convenience more important than matters of state. Gradually, however, the people of Concord came around. In 1772 the Boston Committee of Correspondence wrote seeking a

Feminist Concern over Military Sex Assault Essay

Feminist Concern over Military Sex Assault - Essay Example Among the reported crimes, major part involves crime forcefully perpetrated on unwilling and helpless victims. Military rape or other sorts of sexual assault challenge the dignity of the military profession as a whole as the issue has become increasingly common among sex crimes reported in the US. Traditionally, war victims are always prone to rape and sexual assault throughout the world. However, today female soldiers working in the US military are also extremely vulnerable to sexual molestations. Admittedly, the growing crime rate in this field has affected the flow of female candidates to the army. What causes the rise in the military sex crime is a topic for comprehensive research. In this context, it is important to discuss the intensity of military rape in the US giving specific focus to feminist theory. According to Pentagon reports, over 19,000 sexual assaults occur in the US military annually among which many of the cases remain unreported or unresolved, because sometimes th e offenders are the high ranked military officers. The most unfortunate factor is that female soldiers are generally assaulted by their own male counterparts or the individuals at the helm of affairs (Whitten). According to the estimates, â€Å"over 26,000 men and women in the military experienced unwanted sexual contact in 2012; and of those cases, only 3,374 were reported and only 302 of the incidents were prosecuted† (Feminist News Wire). Many of the female soldiers who took part in the Iraq war reported that they were raped by their male counterparts; and many researchers maintain that one out of every four women that serve the military are likely to face sexual assault at least one time during their career. Erin Solaro explores the intensity and the actual causes of the issue in detail. According to Solaro, there are over 165,000 American servicewomen who have participated in war as volunteer professionals. Another aspect of the active involvement of women in the field i s that women today constitute ‘15% of the military, 11% of the deployed troops and an unprecedented 2% of the casualties’. The author also points to the fact that no significant war failures, disasters, rapes, discipline breakdowns have been reported due the presence of women in the troops. Solaro argues that wherever bad things have been reported, the problem lies with the fundamental evils of leadership and discipline. Hence, it is in bad units women sufferer when in good units the ‘jerks’ do not dare to cross the line of discipline. The feminist author is sure that the solution to this problem is not to punish women by removing them from the posts but removing or punishing the real perpetrators. To define, the term military rape refers to rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment that occur during military service. The Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) collectively terms them as Military Sexual Trauma (MST). At the same time, ‘wartime rapeâ₠¬â„¢ indicates mass wartime rape rather than isolated cases of individual rapes. As per available reports, increases in the frequency of wartime rape might range from an estimated 300% to 400% by the end of the World War II (Gottschall) although the reliability of the data is not beyond question. According to some estimates, more than half a million people have been raped while serving the US army; and nearly 100,000 cases of military rape have been occurred within the past seven years (Koss, 2004). Evidently, women constitute the major victim group in this regard whereas men are also prone to sexual harassment in the army. To illustrate, according to the Department of Defense survey

The Effects of Metformin on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Term Paper

The Effects of Metformin on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome - Term Paper Example Center of discussion in this paper is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) that actually indicates the presence of multiple cysts in the ovaries of certain women. This naturally impedes the normal ovarian function and also gives rise to a number of associated conditions in the physiology of such women. The presence of PCOS also induces the patients to develop diabetes mellitus. Metformin has been recognized as an effective medication for PCOS patients. There are a host of genetic, physiological and environmental factors behind the presence of PCOS in women. It has become a very common gynecological condition in most modern women. In the earlier days, physicians used the traditional method in the treatment of PCOS. This method consisted of suppressing the normal ovarian function of the patients with the help of a number of medicines. Oral contraceptives, progestins and GnRH agonists were prescribed to the patients to improve their physiological functioning. In recent times, the treatmen t of PCOS has veered towards the insulin sensitivity based treatment of the disease. Metformin is one such insulin sensitizing agent which mainly aims at reducing the insulin level of PCOS patients and thus generates beneficial effects to deal with their other medical conditions. It has gradually come to be accepted as an integral part of the modern nursing care. The review of the literature first endeavors to understand the emergence and complexity of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome reflecting on the factors which have made the disease more complex in nature. Secondly, it cites the various conventional approaches, pharmacological and non –pharmacological, which have been used in the past in an attempt to curb the incidence of the disease and assesses the efficacy of each. Finally, it focuses on the use of Metformin in the treatment of the disease, outlining the advantages and disadvantages associated with its use in treating Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in cases of pregnancy as w ell as in normal cases. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome PCOS should not in itself be properly described as a disease. Rather, it is observed as a combination of different symptoms, which in turn reflects various ailments. Radosh (2009) observed that Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is more complex during the reproductive stage of a women’s life. Multiple ‘cysts’ is one of the hallmark of PCOS. The emergence of ovarian cysts is due to the result of hormonal imbalances between the pituitary and ovarian organs. During the reproductive period, women affected by PCOS tend to have a plethora of problems. These include consecutive miscarriages, inability to conceive, extreme obesity, excessive hair on the body, face and chest, and prolonged menstruation. The existence of PCOS in women is increasingly linked to metabolic dysfunction leading to severe diabetic and cardio-vascular complications. It is further observed that the effect of such complications can give rise to excessive mental stress and loss of self – esteem (Radish, 2009). Age Groups Affected by PCOS PCOS affects the female population both in the younger and later years. Ushiroyama, Hosotani, Mori, Yamashita, Ikeda and Ueki(2006) observed that PCOS starts at a young age, revealing hormonal abnormality through symptoms such as menstrual

Tariffs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tariffs - Assignment Example Nevertheless, in some countries, tariff still counts much as source of government revenue. The government can also employ tariff as a measure to protect domestic industries. Sometimes global competition can harm the domestic industries which have not realized full economy of scale. Industrialized countries may have industry that can produce products at a low costs partly due to government subsidization. When those products are imported to a given country, they may bring unhealthy competition and make local industry collapse. In this regard, government may put trade barriers in terms of tariff duty to discourage importation of certain products and allow the growth of the local industry. As a matter of fact, a close examination of the tariff used by different countries has disclosed that, to a greater extent, the competitiveness of the industry is linked to the tariff imposed on the same products (WTO pp 1). When the states want to strike a balance between allowing imports and at the same time giving a chance for the local industries to grow, they use tariff quotas. Tariffs quotas work on the principle of assigning no or low duty to a given volume of goods imported and then charging higher rates to any imported goods above that limit. The World Trade Organization bans the idea of quantitative restrictions as a way of protecting local industries but it allows the system to be employed for this purpose. Lastly, punitive tariff can be used to remedy trade imbalance that results from measures used by other countries. For instance, Antidumping Agreement empowers states to use antidumping duties to rectify cases of proven dumping injurious situations. Equally, the Subsidies Agreement provides for other states to impose countervailing duties if an exporting country has subsidized its manufacturer (summer and Smith pp 4). Overall, tariff is an

Music Role of a Composer Essay Example for Free

Music Role of a Composer Essay A person who creates the music the music we listen to by writing a piece of music for theatre, radio, film, TV and computer games where music is needed is known as composer. Composing of music has played a vital role in the lives of composers making others to be considered as princes of music like Josquin and Palestrina yet others had unique styles of composing their music. The roles of a composer are to create music by creating situations in which sounds will basically be. A composer has to devise strategies to ensure coordination of elements of performers set into motion. This is achieved by ensuring that proper notation of music has been done in order to accurately direct musicians. The task of a composer is to write an original piece of music fitting for a specific mission after which the composition will then be performed by musicians. The music composed might be having lyrics or just instrumental. Furthermore, it can be either in the form of country, classical jazz or even folk. The work of composer improved a great deal between 900 to 1820. in the 900’s, composers used to create music in that there is a solo singer and choirs or more probably in an Organum style . In the process of change, music styles became more complex and multiple parts were used for different instruments and this help to bring harmony. The recorder, lute and the invention of printing press that brought about standardization of musical notation. Later the Organum was modified into the modern harmony of today by use of a figured bass to accompany a melody. The introduction of keyboard in equal temperament enabled different keys to be used without alteration. Finally, during the classical period, the composers fostered for loyalty or nobility of the time. The composers of the time were offered with creative tools to build many accredited pieces of music given that the concept of music was abstract and detached allowing them to explore the music industry. Josquin Desprez (1440-1521) was the master of composing in his time . He created his music with careful words which were of marvelous simplicity and sophistication. Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the instrumentals in bringing into being the romantic music era. These two men brought about great change in the musical industry and meaning to composers without fear of experimenting. References Fulcher, J. The Composer as an Intellectual. Music and Ideology in France 1914-1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 Smith J. Carlson B. The Gift of Music: Great Composers and Their Influence. Crossway, 1995

Haber-Bosch Process Alternatives

Haber-Bosch Process Alternatives â€Å"Should resources be invested in searching for an alternative to the Haber-Bosch process†. Introduction: Ammonia’s ongoing consumption in the world is startling. The production of ammonia (NH3) was the turn of the 20th century, a startling breakthrough in organic chemistry for the world to stand in astonishment. Two scientist; Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, made this breakthrough through the chemical procedure called the: ‘Haber-Bosch Process,’ (N2+ 3 H2→ 2 NH3.) However they weren’t the first to try the synthesis of ammonia from its elements (www.nobelprize.org, 1920.) prior to the discovery of synthetic ammonia and long before the commercial application of it, early farmers knew that certain properties of carbon based by-products which led to: human waste being scattered in Chinese farmlands, grinding of skeletons in Europe and the exploitation of Peru’s readily-available guano, due to its natural nitrogenous compounds, and the discovery of Nitrogen Fixation Processes (www.firt.org, 2012.) The need for Ammonia was directly related to the worldâ₠¬â„¢s survival, the fixed nitrogen from the air is an incredible and needed ingredient for fertilizing. Many principles of chemical and high—pressure processes were discovered and expended for the optimisation of the known nitrogen fixation process. Industries in the 19th and 20th century saw the ongoing need for nitrogen and turned to their already in use factories for producing coal to use the by-product of coking, ammonia sulphate. This along with the previously mentioned methods was how ammonia was produced pre-Haber-Bosch Process. From these early discoveries evidence can be seen as to why the Haber Bosch process is the best way of producing ammonia for the growing world. Two more scientists by the name of Priestly and Cavendish used electrical sparks in the air to produce nitrates, done by dissolving the oxides of nitrogen to form alkalis. Nitrogen Fixation, fixating Nitration as calcium cynamide proved evasive for commercial use, but later proved useful for the produc tion of chemicals requiring the cynamide configuration. There were numerous other process ect. Thermal Processing, cyanide formation, aluminium nitride formation and the slow process of decomposing to ammonia were deemed to elusive for sustainability due to the scarce amount of chemical components for the organic production to be made, resulting in to high of cost. With Habers-Bosch large-scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas which had reactants that were inexpensive (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Iron as a catalyst.) Using high pressure (~5000c) alongside high pressure (~150-200 atm), the process involved forcing almost completely unreactive gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen to have the product of Ammonia. This high-energy process has undergone extensive modifications in the 21st century which goes on to prove that resources should not be devoted in the search for an alternative to the currently used Haber-Bosch process because the structure of the proc ess is the most balanced of the mentioned processes of making ammonia even in the 21st century with a need of 150 million metric tonnes of ammonia (Chemical and Engineering News, 1996); 80% of which is used in agriculture where 48% of the resulting produce is responsible for the world’s ongoing consumption, however there are a few methods that give an idea for very good alternatives that could replace Haber-Bosch, but would not be as efficient. Discussion on Methods: What has made the Haber Bosch process so great is its low cost and readily available materials as seen in this method, this however has been as previously mentioned modified many times since Haber’s work: Ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen, a reversible reaction is as follows: (1) And the equilibrium constant is (2) (www.ias.ac.in, 2012) From our understanding of organic chemistry we can see that production of ammonia is a exothermic reaction with a exponential amount of heat released. As previously mentioned the reaction is reversible, the forward reaction being ammonia synthesis, and the reverse reaction being ammonia decomposition. The decrease of the volume derives from the decrease in the number of moles of gas from the equations, two and one. With the use of Le Chatelier’s Principle (See appendix one), from this it can be seen that by increasing the pressure in the reaction causes the equilibrium to shift to the right resulting in a higher yield of ammonia produce since there is a pressure drop accompanying the transformation; the decrease in the temperature then also causes the equilibrium position to move to the right again resulting in a higher yield of ammonia since the reaction is exothermic as previously mentioned. Figures 1A and B show the effect of temperature and pressure on the equilibrium mole fraction of ammonia. It can be seen that the ammonia mole fraction decreases as the temperature increased just as the pressure increases. Figure one. (A is the mole fraction of ammonia in the state of equilibrium at varying temperatures to result in a given value of pressure. B is difference pressures at fixed values of temperature in Kelvin, data supplied by www.ChemWiki.org Temperature (K) Pressure (Atm) The conclusion then that ammonia synthesis according to the first equation is an equilibrium reaction that is favoured by low temperature and high pressure which. The reaction does not proceed at ambient temperature because nitrogen requires a lot of activation energy for the dissociation to happen (www.Topsoe.com). In the gas phase of the reaction, the dissociation occurs only at around 3000 °C (ChemWiki.com). Looking at the hydrogen molecule in the reaction, which has a weaker molecular bond, only dissociates markedly happened at temperatures above ~1000 °C (ChemWiki.com, 2012). Which shows that the reaction cannot be performed at lower temperature because it needs high activation energy to happen, if there was an increase in the temperature with a enough level, the reverse reaction predominates (www. http://abacus.bates.edu/, 2010). This is where scientist decided to have the role of the iron catalyst come in. Figure two below shows the energy profiles for ammonia synthesis in the absence and presence of the catalyst. The hydrogen and nitrogen molecules lose their translational ability to be bound to the catalyst surface. This reduces the activation energy dramatically and makes the forward reaction go faster, which makes sense to us because catalyst can’t do nothing else but speed the reaction up. Other minor components of the catalyst includecalciumandaluminium oxides, which are there to support the absorbent iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area over time, andpotassium, which increases theelectrondensity of the catalyst and so improves its activity (ChemWiki.com, 2012). This means that scientist can rid the need for extremely high temperature conditions, a problem Haber encounted while trying to find commercial success. Something for us to know it the use of lower temperature reaction conditions means there is limited reverse reaction which is energy saving as well, this reinforces the idea of the Haber-Bosch Process being the bes t there is. For industrial use however, there is still a need for reasonably high temperatures (250–400 °C) to dissociate the N2 and H2. (Figure two, the effect of catalyst on the activation energy). Supplied by www.Chemguide.uk. Now that we know the advantages of the current Haber – Bosch Process, we can look into how carbon-free ammonia comes into the world. Licht wrote a paper on the two current chemical reactions that are now used most widely in ammonia synthesis: CH4+ 2H2O→4H2+ CO2 N2+ 3H2→2NH3 These won’t be explained because they already have previously. 3CH4+ 6H2O +4 N2→ 3CO2+8NH3 Licht wrote of a proposal for the use of ammonia as a fuel for automobiles. Although Licht did not specify the products of the ammonia oxidation, it looked into the possibility that this fuel cell might prove reversible in the case where a product was nitrogen gas, which looks into the fixation of Nitrogen, an electrochemical path to ammonia. However scientist need to overcome the extreme stability of the nitrogen-nitrogen bond in N2gas, nitrogen fixation always requires the need of gas with a metal (www.theenergycollective.com, 2012), which in biological systems the metal in question is molybdenum (as well as the used iron as the catalyst), making molybdenum, along with iodine, the only elements in the periodic table that are essential to this project.Haber he speculated that there was a better catalyst, uranium which we will look at later. A metal catalyst is required in the electrochemical process as stated, in this process the catalyst is iron, but in this case it is necessary that the iron, present as an oxide in the process, be in the form of nanoparticles suspended in molten alkali hydroxides, where future research can be done on the use of other molten oxides, notably, cesium hydroxide, which may prove superior however the variables in the process with respect to temperature, operating voltage, current and the physical nature electrodes will also need to be detailed in research before this can happen. (www.atomicinsight.com,2012). For this processto happen a eutectic melting mixture of KOH and NaOH, potassium and sodium hydroxides respectively; the authors explored also the use of other molten oxides, notably, cesium hydroxide, which may prove as a better source for the process. These hydroxides are only molten at higher temperatures, and steam and air or pure nitrogen gas are bubbled through the molten hydroxide s ( in the case of air, carbon dioxide, meaning that with the removal of this gas from the air would be a side benefit of the process, a benefit to the Haber-Bosch process.)The precise stoichiometry of the reaction varies with the conditions, but one form of reaction mentioned by the authors, this done through a controlled environment, is this: N2+ 10H2O → 2NH3+ 5O2+ 7H2 Both pure oxygen and hydrogen are important to the reaction, and goes to show that the reaction offers many potential synergies for the benefit of the scientist. The gases on the right side are not produced as an explosive mixture, because ammonia and hydrogen are formed on one side of the cell, at the cathode, whereas the oxygen is formed at the anode (www.atomicinsight.com).The mixture of cathodic gases, ammonia and hydrogen in the reaction, are easily separated by compression as Lecht found. The overall electrochemical efficiency is quite high compared to other attempts at the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia gas, which is around 46%, an efficiency that may well be competitive with Haber-Bosch process ammonia synthesis, however this does not include the heat penalty associated with melting the alkali metal hydroxides and keeping them molten which is the reason nitrogen fixation was proved a commercial disaster when Haber was working, where 38% of the land would be needed and the cost being severely higher, Haber’s process uses only 14% of the land to produce ammonia. What else could aid in the Haber-Bosches super process? A better catalyst. Haber sought for a better catalyst in the 20th century with investigations into uranium. With an understanding of the activity of the key component of the Haber-Bosch process which is the catalyst, could help to better the industrial nitrogen fixation still further from what we previously discussed and remove the need for high temperatures and pressures. Ruthenium, osmium, uranium and cobalt-molybdenum can all catalyse the Haber-Bosch process (ChemWiki.com, 2012), but iron catalysts are cheap. It’s the most commonly used catalyst which was developed more than a century ago and is a potassium-doped iron catalyst. A soluble version of such a catalyst might be even more efficient because it could overcome the rate-limiting step of nitrogen dissociation from a solid catalyst surface, which was demonstrated before. Scientist have found that soluble iron catalysts have proven ineffective for the process in its need to be reducing the N-N triple bond as seen in figure three and also cannot produce large amounts of ammonia for commercial use. Germany has developed a molecular iron complex that can react with (Figure three, The N-N Triple bond, a problem that persist in the formation of an improved haber-bosch process). nitrogen gas in the presence of a potassium reducing agent to generate a complex containing two nitrides bound to the iron and potassium cations which contain a mixed iron (2+/3+) nitride.Germany suggests that the formation of this developed core structure has three iron atoms working together to break the dinitrogen triple bond through a six-electron reduction (NewScientist.com, 2014). The resulting nitride of the reaction then reacts with hydrogen gas to generate a high yield of the product ammonia. Unfortunately, this process leads to the use of the iron and so is not catalytic, a problem for the process as it reduces the yield on ammonia because with an absence of a catalyst the reaction is so slow that virtually no reaction happens in a reasonable time (ChemWiki.com, 2012). The catalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very short time that the gases are actually in the reactor. Germany’s work on the core provides i mportant clues as to precisely how nitrogen cleavage and N-H bond formation occurs, which might allow them to build a complex that does work catalytically in solution, something that can be further investigated in the future. This is great because it means the Haber-Bosch Process can be simplified and eventually bring a greater yield of product, seeing the growth of ammonia grow in the world. Conclusion: Through economic situations, the Haber-Bosch Process is the most essential to the world, however it’s also the most relevant in terms of the future. Nitrogen Fixation as we looked at can potentially be a competitor to the Haber-Boch Process, due to it’s overall electrochemical efficiency which as stated is quite high in comparison to other attempts at the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia gas, it is around 46%, an efficiency that may well be competitive with Haber-Bosch process ammonia synthesis. Unfortunately there is no process being studied in thermodynamics to reduce the heat loss from the process, ChemGuide.uk states that â€Å"A 46% increase is substantial for the future of Ammonia production, but heat loss is an issue for it that so far, can’t be reduced with what we know today†. The next thing we looked at was the catalyst in the current Haber-Bosch Process. Haber dwelled into Uranium but backed out of the idea because of the money, however with the advance we discussed in the study on catalytic effects it’s clear and hypothesises that there is a high possibility that in the future Ruthenium, osmium, uranium and cobalt-molybdenum can all be used in the synthesis of ammonia with a high yield in produce, which is being investigated currently. Advances in the Haber-Bosch Process are our best approach for the future, scientifically and economically, that is until thermodynamics are better understood. Appendix Summary of Le Chatelier’s Principle by www.ChemWiki.ucdavis.edu (1) If the concentration of a reactant is increased, the equilibrium position shifts to use up the added reactants by producing more products. (2) For gaseous reactions, gas pressure is related to the number of gas particles in the system; more gas particles means more gas pressure. Consider a reaction which is accompanied by decrease in number of moles, such as, ammonia synthesis (equation one). Increasing the pressure on this equilibrium system will result in the equilibrium position shifting to reduce the pressure, that is, to the side that has the least number of gas particles. (3) In an endothermic reaction, energy can be considered as a reactant of the reaction while in an exothermic reaction, energy can be considered as a product of the reaction. Consider an exothermic reaction which is accompanied by release of heat, such as ammonia synthesis (equation one). Reducing the temperature of this equilibrium system (which result in taking the heat away) will result in the equilibrium position shifting to increase the temperature (producing more heat), that is, to shift the equilibrium position to the right.

What are the security problems and solutions of the Internet? Essay exa

Internet has vital impact in our life nowadays as it becomes more and more popular. It allows us to have wider range of communication and interaction, to exchange and share experiences, thoughts, information, and to make business online. Without doubt, internet make our life more easier, internet banking system allow us to manage our bank accounts, paying bills without queuing, online shops allow us to make purchase without going out, online education, publication and article postings allow us learn more than what we get from text book, and a lot more. As Internet plays more important role in our daily life comparing to its initiation, some keen groups are ringing our bell, hackers, and theft of data, crackers. These people are all associated with a term  ¡Ã‚ §security ¡Ã‚ ¨. It is not difficult for general publics to point out two of the security issues, security of online transaction and security of message transmission respectively. In fact, system hacking is more fatal. Most of experienced online people understand that their data transmitted through Internet is in risk of being stolen or peek during transmission. A message or in general called  ¡Ã‚ §data ¡Ã‚ ¨ transmitting from one end to another, it passes number of nodes. It is far too easy for skilled people to grab those data during its transmission. It is not a serious issue for those who only do general chatting online. For those who doing business (e.g. online shopping) or sending very private materials (e.g. personal information), security becomes a big issue. For this reason, encryption is widely used for protecting the confidentiality of data being transmitted. INTERNET BUSINESS FOR SECURITY Basically, online transaction security, email security, network security are major considerations. Online Transaction Security There are a lot of online shopping and online casinos operations running worldwide. The most serious problem for these operations is to protect their transaction data, such as client ¡Ã‚ ¦s personal information and credit card information. Transaction data transmits from client site to server side. During the transmission, data theft will take this golden opportunity to peek or to duplicate data. If those data had been abused in certain ways, not just the clients suffering from financial lose, but the operator will also suffer from reputation lose. When clients have no confident to shop from the... ...s to computer room are one of the efficient ways to eliminate network data being stolen and abused. Companies and organizations with highly confidential information will have sets of security policy with consideration of human factor to protect their network. One thing we shall always keep in mind that  ¡Ã‚ §no one connected to a computer network is really safe from hackers ¡Ã‚ ¨(8) Any of the security device or software can only minimize the possibility of data being hacked, stolen and abused. Bibliography (1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.ultranet.com/~fhirsch/Papers/wwwj/article.html (2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://ecommercecentre.online.wa.gov.au/tools/internet/security.stm#2 (3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.pgpi.org/doc/pgpintro/#p9 (4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.pgpi.org/doc/pgpintro/#p9 (5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cnn.com/TECH/specials/hackers/primer/ (6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.greatcircle.com/gca/tutorial/bif.html#firewall (7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://pubweb.nfr.net/~mjr/pubs/fwfaq/#SECTION00031000000000000000 (8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cnn.com/TECH/specials/hackers/primer/

Should Canadian Teenagers be Allowed to Work before Turning 18? Essay

Today our topic is Canadian teenagers shouldn't be allowed to work before 18 years old .UNICEF defines child labor as, â€Å"work that exceeds a minimum number of hours, depending on the age of a child and on the type of work. Such work is considered harmful to the child and should therefore be eliminated.†But in 21thcentury, the temptation increase, coupled with the influence of the mentality, More and more teenagers give up study to get a job. Recently the problem of child labor in Canada has aroused people's concern. Teenagers give up study to get a job has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. Nowadays Child labor in Canada has become a problem a problem we have to face. We believed that Canadian teenagers shouldn't allow to get a job before 18 years old. In the first place, Study is the most important thing. But if we find a job, we can't get good education. If children miss school and the proper education that could enable them to find better-paid jobs in their adult lives. Also under the same conditions, the company will usually preferred experienced students, I am very argue that in that today's society, the company is need comprehensive talents, but comprehensive talent is built on the basis of professional knowledge. Moreover, the experience of you wash the dishes, tutoring, waiter, It might not the company want . From the point of the type of job for teenagers, They are always hand out leaflets, the waiter, promoters and tutor. But if I was standing in the other debater's point of view, Find a job is to get social experience, but these job's capacity can also get in high school or university 's activity. More important is these works are not related with professional and future employm... ...me of we study. No doubt Canadian teenagers shouldn't be allowed to work before 18 years old. Early find a job is bad for children, It can let them have bad opinion for money. Let them think money is too important for them. They want to get more money, but work in restaurant or some small places cannot get too much money, so they find bad job, Child prostitution is the most issues. When we hear child prostitution, many people think of sex tourism in Thailand, But Actually can it be found in every country. Child prostitution is the commercial sexual exploitation of children in which a child performs the services of prostitution. They sell their bodies on the streets or in apartments. Young teenagers don't have right idea of money, More and more teenagers give up study to do this bad job. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.

Analysis of Blinking Hell, a Sight Savers International Campaign Essay

The article 'Blinking Hell' is written for the purpose of informing a number of audiences about an eye disorder existing in economically developing countries. The title of this extract, 'Blinking Hell' carries a double meaning. The Statement 'blinking hell' traditionally serves as an exclamatory comment. For the intention of this article, the author has changed the exclamation to a verb and a noun and the semantics of it become literal. The graphology of the text is like that of a newspaper article, set out in columns with an emboldened title and graphic image. Presumably, this was done in this fashion as it may have featured within a newspaper. Equally, the reasons could have been purely to draw attention to the text. 'Blinking Hell' opens with an exposition giving no clear meaning as to what it's putting across to the reader. By using this short phrase, the author has encouraged the audience to read on and discover its significance. No noun is present in this opening statement and, is instead, immediately substituted for a pronoun. 'At first it's not too bad' In the next paragraph, the writer goes on to describe the behaviour of a child in relation to their eyes. The noun child is used along with the description with average child-like behaviour for certain readers to identify with. The writer is writing this on the basis that most adults have seen a young one perform this action. At the end of this section, verbs and a noun are used within a simple sentence to reveal the main subject of this text piece. 'And that's all it takes to spread trachoma' Throughout the rest of the text, the writer has gone into explicit d... ... written in a biased and un-scientific way as if it was a tabloid article. 'scarring the child's eyelid a little bit more' The noun child has been used to inform the reader of which type of people fall into the category of Trachoma sufferers. The author has chosen only to tell the audience that children are the victims, despite it being a disease that does not discriminate. This device was most probably used to persuade and emotionally involve which is a vital skill for fund raisers of any form. At the end of the article, the author uses persuasive language in the form of a complex sentence as a last attempt to convince the prospective donater. 'Â £5 is all we need for the operation' The verb 'need' is used to show the importance of the operation, thus the importance of the reader donating money to the cause.

Organic Foods: Is It Worth It? Essay

Organic foods cost more than regular food, but are they worth it? Is it really better for your health? And are they really more nutritious? Should you buy organic food even though you are a student and has very little money? These are all questions that have probably passed through your mind now that you no longer have your parents to go grocery shopping and cook for you. But because there are no research that can prove that eating organic is healthier, and there is no research that shows that eating regular food is just as healthy, no real answer for your question exists. However, there are some articles like Alex Berger’s â€Å"Organic Foods are a Healthier Alternative† and Nancy Sprague’s â€Å"Counterpoint: Organic Food is Unnecessary and the Current Food Supply is Safe† that can help you make a decision. Alex Berger, the writer of â€Å"Organic Foods are a Healthier Alternative†, however, believes that eating organic food is not only beneficial to one’s health; organic foods also have many other benefits. He says, â€Å"Organic foods tend to be richer in nutrients, perhaps because they are grown in soil with more complex micronutrients. †[1] Gerber then continues to say that organic foods have more than just health and nutritional benefits; it also has environmental benefits and social stability. [2] Berger views organic foods as a friend. Although, they are expensive, they are much healthier, provide much more nutrition, and they also help the environment. The benefits of organic foods outweigh the negativities that were never mentioned in his article. Berber’s argument is truly persuasive. His words makes the reader feel moved to believe that organic food is healthy, such as â€Å"agricultural chemicals may pose a greater risk to some individual. †[3] His threat makes the reader feel scared that eating normal, processed food can harm them, which will lead readers to feel that organic food is the healthier option. Although Berger seems to be a very reliable source, Berger is just a writer with no scientific background except for a PhD in Anthropology, a degree that doesn’t have anything to do with nutrition. This makes him seem to be a rather unreliable source for nutritional advice. Another writer, Nancy Sprague, thinks otherwise. She believes that the food supply that we have now is safe as it is. Organic food is an unnecessary luxury that is expensive and there is no guarantee that it is healthier. She says, â€Å"When food is defined as organic, it simply means that the producer has employed an approved organic food production system—the producer is not guaranteeing the safety or quality of the product. By being misled into believing that buying organic guarantees food safety, consumers are sometimes more likely to be harmed by an organic food than by one purchased from a commercial supplier. †[4]. Sprague views organic food as a luxurious item that she doesn’t need. She argues that there are no research that can prove organic food is healthier. Instead, research have shown that organic food has as many bacteria, vitamins, and etc. as processed food. [5] Sprague’s method of writing easily persuades her readers. Her choice of words scares readers into believing that the organic industry’s goal is to fool their consumers. For example, she says, â€Å"Organic raw mulch is outlawed by many farm bureaus because it is likely to carry pathogens and infectious potential†. In one sentence, Sprague overrides the other sides’ argument that organic food is safer, and points out that instead of being safe, organic food is more likely to carry infectious bacteria. This scares readers into wondering whether or not the organic food industry is lying; and forces readers to think, have I been a fool for trusting the companies’ advertisements all this time? Sprague’s writing style of inflicting fear and doubt into the reader makes readers feel that she is a knowledgeable source. This in turn develops her credibility as an author in nutrition. However, before trusting Sprague completely, readers have to realize that her opinions are very one-sided and they should question their trust in all of her information. Both sides have points that make their side very convincing, both sides have research that proves their points, and both sides have important things to say. However, in the end it is still up you, as the reader, to decide what you want in your food. It is up to you to decide if you want junk food, healthy food, and/ or organic food. But, you have to choose wisely because food has the power to decide your future. Food affects everything from your weight, to your health, and many times it even has the ability to affect your person as a whole. Today, you might be eating a cheeseburger, but tomorrow you might be in the hospital emergency room with a heart attack. This is why a few bad food choices can put your education and, maybe one day, even your life in imminent danger. Overall, what goes into our food is so important that both sides of the argument agree that the government has and needs regulations that force both regular food processors and organic farmers to meet; and that the EPA has and needs their standards to rise continuously to improve our food source. Both authors believe what you put into your mouth is an important issue. But, their beliefs are not enough to change the world. In the end, their belief systems are not the most important thing because you are the one who chooses what you eat. You are the one who has to find the answer. So, please tell me, who are you and which side of the food debate are you on? Bibliography Berger, Adam. â€Å"Point: Organic Foods are a Healthier Alternative. † Points of View Reference Center: EBSCOhost. August 2009. (accessed June 14, 2010). Lindner, Larry. â€Å"Organically Grown Food: Is it Really a Better Choice?. † Environment Complete: EBSCOhost. May 2002. (accessed June 14, 2010). Peterson, Elizabeth. â€Å"Organic Foods: To Buy or Not To Buy?. † Environment Complete: EBSCOhost. October 2004. (accessed June 14, 2010). Sprague, Nancy. â€Å"Counterpoint: Organic Food is Unnecessary & the Current Food Supply is Safe. † Points of View Reference Center: EBSCOhost. 2009. (accessed June 14, 2010). [1] Adam Berger, â€Å"Point: Organic Foods are a Healthier Alternative,† Points of View: Organic Food (August 2009): 2. Points of View Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed June 14, 2010). [2] Adam Berger, â€Å"Point: Organic Foods are a Healthier Alternative,† Points of View: Organic Food (August 2009) [3] Ibid. 2. [4] Nancy Sprague, â€Å"Counterpoint: Organic Food is Unnecessary & the Current Food Supply is Safe,† (2009): 3, Points of View Reference Center: EBSCOhost (accessed June 14, 2010). [5] Ibid.